PDF

Int J Med Sci 2021; 18(14):3309-3317. doi:10.7150/ijms.51569 This issue Cite

Research Paper

Severity of frailty as a significant predictor of mortality for hemodialysis patients: a prospective study in China

Wenjing Fu^1,3, Aihua Zhang¹, Lina Ma^3,4, Linpei Jia¹, Jagadish K Chhetri^2,3, Piu Chan^2,3,4

1. Department of Nephrology, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
2. Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
3. Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
4. National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China

✉ Corresponding author: Dr. Piu Chan, Department of Geriatrics, Neurology and Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China, E-mail: pbchancom.

Abstract

Background: Frailty is known to be highly prevalent in older hemodialysis (HD) patients. We studied the prevalence of frailty and its associated factors in Chinese HD patients. We further studied if frailty could predict survival in HD patients.

Methods: This is a prospective study involving patients receiving maintenance HD in the dialysis center of Xuanwu Hospital, Beijing. Study subjects were enrolled from October to December, 2017 and followed up for two years. Demographic data, comorbidities and biological parameters were collected. Frailty was assessed using the Fried frailty phenotype at baseline. Cox regression analysis was performed to identify the relationship between frailty and mortality in HD patients. Kaplan-Meier was plotted using the cutoff value obtained by ROC curve to evaluate survival rates in different frailty status.

Results: Total of 208 HD patients were enrolled with a mean age of 60.5±12.7 years. According to the frailty criteria, at baseline the prevalence of robust, pre-frail and frail in HD patients was 28.7%, 45.9%, and 25.4%, respectively. The two-year all-cause mortality was 18.8% (39/207) and underlying causes of death included coronary artery disease (CAD), cerebrovascular disease (CVD), hyperkalemia, severe infection, malignant tumor and others. Survival curve showed the patients with frailty score ≥4 to have significantly shorter survival time as compared to patients with frailty score ≤ 3. Frailty predicted two-year mortality when frailty score ≥4 with a sensitivity of 70% and a specificity of 83.67% with an AUC of 0.819. Frailty score was positively associated with age and ratio of ultrafiltration volume to dry weight, while negatively associated with levels of serum albumin, uric acid and diastolic blood pressure after HD.

Conclusions: Our results confirm frailty to be very common among HD patients and severity of frailty was a significant predictor of mortality for HD patients. Factors such as age, malnutrition and low blood pressure are the factors to be associated with frailty. Interdialytic weight gain inducing excessive ultrafiltration volume is an important risk factor.

Keywords: Frail, Hemodialysis, Aging, Ultrafiltration volume, Mortality, Chinese

Introduction

Frailty is considered as a geriatric syndrome of multiple system dysregulation associated with aging [1], a physiological state of increased vulnerability to stressors [2, 3]. Frailty is characterized by a loss of physiologic reserve and associated with increased risks of adverse outcomes such as falls, hospitalization, prolonged hospital stays and even mortality [4]. Compared to robust persons, frail individuals may have difficulty to quickly recover from chronic diseases [1, 2, 4].

The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing worldwide due to population aging. Initiation of hemodialysis (HD) has become a common treatment method for CKD [2, 5, 6]. The number of HD patients in Beijing region increased from 4406 to 11536 during a period of six years (2006 to 2012), which undoubtedly increased the burden of healthcare system. Although majority of the past studies has shown frailty to be a geriatric syndrome [1, 2], recent studies have suggested that patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) [7] or undergoing HD may have an increased risk for frailty at all ages [8]. In addition, an American study has shown frailty to be a strong predictor of mortality and hospitalization in HD patients irrespective of age [9]. However, there are very few studies investigating frailty as a survival predictor in Chinese population. Frailty in HD patients might be related to diverse factors such as impaired renal function [10], low body mass index (BMI), anemia, hypoalbuminemia, limitation in activities of daily livings and ambulation associated with a high risk of frailty in HD patients [11]. Furthermore, several modifiable and preventable factors in frail HD individuals have been identified such as serum testosterone [12], state of acute illness and inflammation [13] etc. Hence, we could assume that frailty in HD patients could be reduced by targeting modifiable risk factor. National Kidney Foundation-Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (NKF-KDOQI) [14] suggests that interdialytic weight gain should not exceed 4.8-5.7% of dry weight, we speculate more volume overload which is the risk factor of frailty for HD patients may develop a series of cardiovascular complications that lead to death.

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of frailty in Chinese HD patients, as well as the relationship between frailty and two-year survival.

Materials and Methods

Study participants

This prospective study enrolled patients admitted to the dialysis center of Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University from October to December 2017 and followed up for two years. The data source for mortality was from our hemodialysis center database. All participants had a minimum of 2 years follow up and only one subject censored from the study because of kidney transplantation.

Subjects were assessed at the enrollment for physical frailty and divided into frail, pre-frail and non-frail groups. The inclusive criteria were that patients must undergo HD at least 3 months before recruitment, older than 18 years old and received hemodialysis three times per week during the follow-up period. The exclusive criteria were that patients with a history of hospitalization in recent 3 months on account of acute infection, acute heart failure, acute cerebral vascular disease, recent diagnosis of cancer, fracture or other severe diseases; or patients with a diagnosis of dementia and refusal to participate in this study.

HD procedure

Patients underwent HD 3 times per week and 4 hours each time using the Fresenius 4008s machines with polysulfone membrane dialyzer and bicarbonate dialysate. Patients' vascular access included the following three types: autologous arteriovenous fistula, arteriovenous graft and tunnel-cuffed catheter. During HD, blood flow was set on 250-300ml/min, dialysate flow was set on 500ml/min. The hemodialysis adequacy means fractional urea clearance or single-pool Kt/V (spKt/V) was estimated using the formula derived by Daugirdas.

This study was approved by the institutional review board (IRB number file # 201112) of Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. All enrolled participants signed the informed consents.

Clinical features

Demographic data of each participant was collected at the enrollment including sex, age, education, marital status and dialysis vintage. Information on pre-existing conditions including diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HT), coronary artery disease (CAD) and cerebrovascular disease (CVD) was assessed. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the measured height and dry body weight using the standard definition, i.e., BMI=weight (kg)/height² (m²). Patients' blood pressure was measured within 10 minutes before the beginning and upon the completion of HD. Ultrafiltration volume and Kt/V was recorded.

Ultrafiltration volume is the amount of dehydrating water per hemodialysis. Dry weight is the body weight of a hemodialysis patient who expects to develop hypotension or shock with any further fluid removal. We checked patients' ultrafiltration volume, then divided by their dry weight and the ratio was recorded.

Laboratory values

Laboratory data for blood included potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), CO2-CP, creatinine (Cr), urea, uric acid (UA), albumin (Alb), total cholesterol (TCH), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC) and platelet (PLT), hemoglobin (Hb). Fasting blood sample was taken before undergoing HD.

Assessment of frailty phenotype

Frailty was assessed using the frailty phenotype by Fried and colleagues [1], as described elsewhere [13] and the criteria is based on Wu's study of frailty in Chinese population [15]. In brief, 1. Weight loss: ≥5 kilograms in the past year; 2. Weakness (low grip strength): Female: ≤15.0kg (BMI ≤20.0kg/m²), ≤17.5kg (BMI 20.0-22.1kg/m²), ≤20.0kg (BMI>24.8kg/m²); Male: ≤25.2kg (BMI ≤20.6kg/m²), ≤28.5kg (BMI 20.6-23.2kg/m²), ≤30.0kg (BMI 23.2-25.9kg/m²), ≤30.0kg (BMI ≥25.9kg/m²); 3. Slowness (low gait speed over a level surface of 2.5 meter): Female: ≤0.36m/s (Height ≤151cm), ≤0.43m/s (Height >151cm); Male: ≤0.45m/s (Height ≤163cm), ≤0.48m/s (Height>163cm); 4. Exhaustion: Participants were asked “How often in the last week did you feel this way?” a) “I could not get going”, b) “I felt everything I did was an effort”. A score of 0 was given for a response of “rarely/none of the time; less than 1 day”, score of 1 was given for a response of “some or a little of the time; 1 to2 day”, score of 2 was given for a response of “a moderate amount of time; 3 to 4 days”, and score of 3 was given for a response of “most of the time”. Participants were considered to have exhaustion if they had a total score ≥4; 5. Inactivity: A self-report of < 10minutes of continuous walk during a usual week.

Subjects were classified as non-frail or robust (score = 0), pre-frail (score of 1-2), and frail (score ≥ 3) [1, 13].

Statistical analysis

Variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation, case numbers or percentages. Differences between groups (non-frail, pre-frail and frail groups) were analyzed using ANOVA and chi-square test. Spearman correlation analysis was used to assess the correlation between the frailty score and each parameter. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the factors associated with frailty scores on HD patients and the variables that were statistically significant in univariate analysis (p<0.05) were included in multivariate logistic regression.

ROC curve was plotted with the frailty score as variable and death as the classification variable used to evaluate the predictive value of frailty score to two-year mortality. Kaplan-Meier was plotted by using the cutoff value obtained by ROC curve to evaluate survival rates in different frailty status. Survival analysis was conducted using Cox regression analysis. ROC curve analysis was performed by using MedCalc statistical software version 17.7 (MedCalc Software bvba, Ostend, Belgium; 2017). Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS software (IBM SPSS statistics version 22). Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.

Results

Participants and baseline frailty status

General demographics are presented in Table 1. 208 patients out of total 227 subjects were enrolled. Among the 208 patients, 113 were males (54.3%) and 95 were females (45.7%) with an average age of 60.5±12.7 years (age 18 to 83 years). One subject withdrew from the study because of a kidney transplant procedure. Dialysis vintage was 6-276 months with a median of 82.00 (69.00, 142.50) months.

Prevalence of frailty and associated factors at baseline

The prevalence of non-frail, pre-frail and frail subjects were 28.7%, 45.9%, and 25.4%, respectively. Frailty increased with age as per our analysis based on the four age groups (age 18-40:4.3%, age 40-60:10.5%, age 60-70:34.9%, age>70: 57.1%, F = 36.775, P < 0.001, Figure 1). In addition, frailty was associated with DM, CAD, CVD, decreased level of hemoglobin, uric acid, and albumin, and increased level of phosphorus (P < 0.05, Table 1). Although the ultrafiltration volume was not different among the 3 groups, frailty was significantly associated with an increased ratio of ultrafiltration volume to dry body weight (P < 0.05) (Table 1).

Risk factors associated with frailty

Correlation analysis (Table 2) showed age, history of DM, CAD and CVD, blood phosphorus level and ratio of ultrafiltration volume to dry weight to be positively correlated with the frailty scores. Meanwhile, hemoglobin, albumin, uric acid and DBP after HD were negatively correlated with frailty. In the age-adjusted model, albumin, uric acid, DBP after HD and ratio of ultrafiltration volume to dry weight were also correlated with frailty.

In the multivariate logistic regression model, age (OR = 2.921, P < 0.001), ratio of ultrafiltration volume to dry weight (OR = 1.289, P = 0.035), uric acid (OR = 0.872, P = 0.032), hemoglobin (OR = 2.514, P = 0.026), albumin (OR = 2.863, P = 0.015) and diastolic pressure after hemodialysis (OR = 1.334, P = 0.011) remained associated with frailty (Table 4). The average value of the ratio of ultrafiltration volume to dry weight categorized into ≤ 0.039, 0.039-0.050, ≥0.050 three groups, the ratio of ultrafiltration volume to dry weight was found to be associated with an increased risk for frailty (OR = 1.725, P = 0.019) (Table 4). Moreover, patients who died during the follow up period had a higher ratio of ultrafiltration volume to dry weight than those who survived (Table 3).

Association of frailty with mortality in HD patients

During the follow-up period, a total of 39 subjects died. The underlying causes of death included coronary artery disease (CAD, n=23), cerebrovascular disease (CVD, n=7), hyperkalemia (n=2), severe infection (n=2), malignant tumor (n=2) and others (n=3). Mortality was significantly associated with older age, higher frailty score, CAD comorbidity, increased ratio of ultrafiltration volume to dry weight and decreased level of hemoglobin (Table 3).

Multivariate cox regression analysis confirmed the continuous frailty scores (per 1 point) and non-frail (score=0), frail (score=3-5) to be independently associated with survival. Meanwhile, pre-frail (score=1-2) was proved to be irrelevant to survival (Table 5). Kaplan-Meier Survival curve has shown that survival time was shortened as the severity of frailty increased (Figure 3A) and there was still statistical significance after covariates adjustment (covariates include age, ratio of ultrafiltration volume to dry weight, Hb and CAD) (Figure 3B).

 Figure 1 

Prevalence of frailty according to age groups.

Predictive accuracy of frailty in HD patients

ROC curve demonstrated that frailty (score ≥4) could predict two-year mortality. The Youden index is 0.5298. The sensitivity is 70% (95% CI: 45.7%-88.1%) and specificity is 83.67% (95% CI: 70.3%-92.7%) with an AUC of 0.819 (95% CI 0.708-0.902) (P <0.001).

We also evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of each frailty score in predicting all-cause mortality of HD patients with Plot versus criterion values (Fig 2) and the data were shown in Table 6.

Discussion

Frailty has been acknowledged as a major risk factor for disability in older adults in China [16]. The current study demonstrated a high prevalence of frailty among HD patients, which was a significant predictor for increased mortality risk in multivariable analysis. Although the diagnostic criterion of frailty is a score of ≥3, we found the optimal value for mortality prediction was a frailty score of ≥4. Age was the most important risk factor for both frailty and mortality in HD patients. A higher ratio of ultrafiltration volume to dry weight and lower level of blood hemoglobin increased the risk for both frailty and mortality. In addition, CAD was a major risk factor for mortality, while lower levels of albumin and uric acid, and decreased diastolic pressure after hemodialysis were independently associated with frailty.

Previous reports have shown the prevalence of frailty in HD patients to be approximately 14-81% [7, 10, 12, 17-20]. In the current study, the prevalence of frailty was found to be lower than that of many European studies in HD patients [12, 17-20]. However, similar findings were reported in Japanese HD patients [21]. Such great variance could primarily be due to the varied measures used to assess frailty. In our study, as measured by the frailty phenotype the pre-frail and frail subjects accounted for 45.9% and 25.4% HD patients. In our study the prevalence of frailty was much higher in older patients although younger HD patients also had a higher rate of pre-frailty status which is consistent with previous studies [20, 22, 23]. Moreover, it should be noted that the prevalence of frailty in community-dwelling Chinese older adults aged 60 years old or more was reported to be around 7.0% [24-26]. While chronic comorbidities include CAD, CVD and DM initially associated with increased risk for frailty in our HD patients, but logistic regression analysis excluded them to be independent risk factors.

It is well recognized that cardiovascular complications and infection are the two leading causes of death in Chinese HD patients and our study came to a similar conclusion. An interesting finding of the current prospective study is that severity of frailty (frailty score ≥4) could predict all-cause mortality in two-year follow-up with a sensitivity of 70% and specificity of 83.67%, which to our knowledge has not been reported previously in the Chinese HD patients. In recent years, several studies have confirmed the relationship between frailty and mortality in HD patients [9, 20, 27-29]. The predictive validity of frailty on survival has been verified in patients after surgery [30, 31]. Previous studies [32-34] have explored the prognostic factors for short-term all-cause mortality in elderly patients with HD include lower serum albumin, lower BMI, higher level of C-reactive protein (CRP), suboptimal initiation of HD, malnutrition and frailty. But whether they are independent risk factors in HD patients has not been conclusively determined.

In the current study, survival analysis and Cox regression analysis both confirmed the correlation and predictive effect of frailty on mortality. Besides CVD which was not independently associated with frailty, CAD and both increased ratio of ultrafiltration volume to dry weight and lower level of blood hemoglobin were contributed to frailty and mortality. Cox regression analysis showed that only frailty score was an independent risk factor for mortality. Previous studies on the relationship between frailty and outcome have been limited to the elderly population. The current study demonstrated the independent predictive value of frailty for mortality in HD patients.

 Figure 2 

Plot versus criterion values based on frailty score in predicting two-year mortality of HD patients. Notes: Data of frailty score are presented as numbers and death is set as 1, survival is set as 0.

 Figure 3 

A Kaplan-Meier curve based on frailty scores and mortality. Note: Frailty score≥4 is set as 1, <4 is set as 0; death is set as 1, survival is set as 0. OR of frailty score≥4 is 1.680 (95%CI:15.025-21.612); OR of frailty score<4 is 0.675 ( 95%CI: 22.365-25.013). P=0.001. B Survival curve based on frailty scores and mortality after adjusted for covariates. Covariates include age, ratio of ultrafiltration volume to dry weight, Hb and CAD. Data of frailty score are presented as numbers and death is set as 1, survival is set as 0. Note: Frailty score≥4 is set as 1, <4 is set as 0; death is set as 1, survival is set as 0. OR of frailty score≥4 is 1.673 (95%CI:16.109-21.633); OR of frailty score<4 is 0.690 (95%CI: 22.307-25.011). P=0.001.

Apart from age, factors such as decreased levels of serum albumin, hemoglobin, uric acid, and DBP after HD were associated with frailty, and we have for the first time demonstrated a correlation between the ratio of ultrafiltration volume to dry weight and frailty and mortality. In general, ultrafiltration volume often represents volume load and is determined according to interdialytic weight gain clinically. Moderate ultrafiltration can stabilize blood pressure and reduce cardiovascular mortality. In the same way, massive dehydration during HD can lead to intradialytic and even post-dialytic hypotension, which may induce hypoperfusion and myocardial ischemia due to myocardial contractility [35]. Patients with heart failure are known to have a very high prevalence (nearly 50%) of frailty [36].

In our two-year follow-up, among the 39 patients who died, death occurred mainly in patients with higher frailty scores and a higher ratio of ultrafiltration volume to dry weight. Considering CAD was the leading cause of death in our study, the above evidence supports our finding on the correlation of ratio of ultrafiltration volume to dry weight and frailty and suggest that long-term control of volume overload may be one of the effective measures to overcome frailty and even mortality in HD patients. According to KDOQI guideline [14], in clinical practice, we often empirically think that the ratio of ultrafiltration volume to dry weight not more than 4.8-5.7% can benefit patients. Our study found that the ratio of less than 3.9% is more conductive to reduce the prevalence of frailty. These may suggest that more stringent controlling of volume overload can improve the quality of life and prognosis of HD patients.

Our study also validated the relationship between nutrition and frailty. As we know, hypouricemia, hypoalbuminemia and anemia are all also markers of malnutrition. Evidence on the association of anemia and frailty in HD patients is scarce. A recent study in Arab HD patients has showed anemia as a predictor of frailty [20]. Nonetheless, anemia is one of the most common complications in HD patients and higher risks of transfusion have been found in anemic patients compared to others [37]. Previous investigations have shown subjects with lower hemoglobin level to have a higher risk of frailty, which was much prominent in older adults [38, 39]. Hence, we could conclude that a decrease in hemoglobin level may contribute to frailty even in HD patients.

Serum albumin is a widely used marker of nutrition and found to be associated with frailty [40] and poor outcomes in various conditions including HD [13, 41]. Our findings are similar to that of previous studies [18, 41], showing hypoalbuminemia to be related to frailty in HD patients.

Based on these above findings, HD patients should strictly limit fluid intake and strengthen nutritional support to reduce the incidence of frailty and improve survival rates. In addition, few studies have investigated the relationship between uric acid and frailty in HD patients previously. Although higher concentrations of uric acid have been found to increase the risk of frailty in older adults [42], we found HD patients with a lower level of uric acid to be associated with frailty and hypouricemia is common in HD patients with poor nutritional status [43].

The primary limitation of our study is that it was a single-centered study with a relatively small sample size. Thus, future multi-centered, large scale prospective studies are needed to confirm our findings which could be generalizable to the Chinese population. In addition, we did not take in account of psychological factors such as anxiety and depression which are known to impact frailty in patients with chronic diseases [44, 45]. However, it could be speculated that the concomitant presence of psychological disorders in frail HD patients certainly will not lead to a good prognosis. Nevertheless, our study has highlighted several key points regarding frailty in HD patients in Chinese population.

In conclusion, our result confirms severity of frailty was a significant predictor of mortality in HD patients. Old age, malnutrition, and low blood pressure are associated with frailty. Interdialytic weight gain induced excessive ultrafiltration volume is an important risk factor. Our findings provide valuable references for clinicians to improve the quality of life and prognosis of HD patients. In addition, there is a need to strengthen geriatrics [46] and knowledge of age related syndromes such as frailty in all aspects of medicines to meet the care needs of vulnerable older population including in HD.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the patients who participated in our study in the department of Nephrology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University. We would also like to thank Dr. Xingtong Dong for her contribution to the statistics.

Funding

This work was supported by Milstein Medical Asian American Partnership Foundation Project Award in Geriatrics, No.2018; Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals' Mission Plan, Code: SML20150803; The National Key R&D Program of China, No. 2018YFC1312001, 2017YFC0840105; Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission No. Z171100000117013

Author Contributions

Wenjing Fu and Linpei Jia collected and recorded the data; Wenjing Fu designed the study, analyzed and interpreted the data and wrote the manuscript; Jagadish K Chhetri and Lina Ma contributed to the review of the manuscript; Aihua Zhang contributed to the design of the study and review of the manuscript; Piu Chan is the chief designer of the study and critically revised the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

References

1. Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J. et al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56(3):M146-56

2. Fried LP, Ferrucci L, Darer J, Williamson JD, Anderson G. Untangling the concepts of disability, frailty, and comorbidity: implications for improved targeting and care. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004;59(3):255-63

3. Clegg A, Young J, Iliffe S, Rikkert MO, Rockwood K. Frailty in elderly people. Lancet. 2013;381(9868):752-62

4. McAdams-DeMarco MA, Suresh S, Law A, Salter ML, Gimenez LF, Jaar BG. et al. Frailty and falls among adult patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis: a prospective cohort study. BMC Nephrol. 2013;14:224

5. Kim SW, Han HS, Jung HW, Kim KI, Hwang DW, Kang SB. et al. Multidimensional frailty score for the prediction of postoperative mortality risk. JAMA Surg. 2014;149(7):633-40

6. Baek SH, Lee SW, Kim SW, Ahn SY, Yu MY, Kim KI. et al. Frailty as a Predictor of Acute Kidney Injury in Hospitalized Elderly Patients: A Single Center, Retrospective Cohort Study. PLoS One. 2016;11(6):e0156444

7. Drost D, Kalf A, Vogtlander N, van Munster BC. High prevalence of frailty in end-stage renal disease. Int Urol Nephrol. 2016;48(8):1357-62

8. Salter ML, Gupta N, Massie AB, McAdams-DeMarco MA, Law AH, Jacob RL. et al. Perceived frailty and measured frailty among adults undergoing hemodialysis: a cross-sectional analysis. BMC Geriatr. 2015;15:52

9. McAdams-DeMarco MA, Law A, Salter ML, Boyarsky B, Gimenez L, Jaar BG. et al. Frailty as a novel predictor of mortality and hospitalization in individuals of all ages undergoing hemodialysis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61(6):896-901

10. Roshanravan B, Khatri M, Robinson-Cohen C, Levin G, Patel KV, de Boer IH. et al. A prospective study of frailty in nephrology-referred patients with CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012;60(6):912-21

11. Bancu I, Graterol F, Bonal J, Fernández-Crespo P, Garcia J, Aguerrevere S. et al. Frail Patient in Hemodialysis: A New Challenge in Nephrology-Incidence in Our Area, Barcelonès Nord and Maresme. J Aging Res. 2017;2017:7624139

12. Chiang JM, Kaysen GA, Segal M, Chertow GM, Delgado C, Johansen KL. Low testosterone is associated with frailty, muscle wasting and physical dysfunction among men receiving hemodialysis: a longitudinal analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2019;34(5):802-10

13. Johansen KL, Dalrymple LS, Delgado C, Chertow GM, Segal MR, Chiang J. et al. Factors Associated with Frailty and Its Trajectory among Patients on Hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12(7):1100-8

14. KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline for Hemodialysis Adequacy. 2015 update. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015;66(5):884-930

15. Wu C, Smit E, Xue QL, Odden MC. Prevalence and Correlates of Frailty Among Community-Dwelling Chinese Older Adults: The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2017;73(1):102-8

16. Chhetri JK, Chan P, Ma L, Peng D, Rodríguez-Mañas L, Cesari M. et al. Prevention of Disability in the Frail Chinese Older Population. J Frailty Aging. 2019;8(1):2-6

17. Kutner NG, Zhang R, Allman RM, Bowling CB. Correlates of ADL difficulty in a large hemodialysis cohort. Hemodial Int. 2014;18(1):70-7

18. Johansen KL, Chertow GM, Jin C, Kutner NG. Significance of frailty among dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18(11):2960-7

19. Painter P, Kuskowski M. A closer look at frailty in ESRD: getting the measure right. Hemodial Int. 2013;17(1):41-9

20. Yadla M, John JP, Mummadi M. A study of clinical assessment of frailty in patients on maintenance hemodialysis supported by cashless government scheme. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2017;28(1):15-22

21. Takeuchi H, Uchida HA, Kakio Y, Okuyama Y, Okuyama M, Umebayashi R. et al. The Prevalence of Frailty and its Associated Factors in Japanese Hemodialysis Patients. Aging Dis. 2018;9(2):192-207

22. Johansen KL, Chertow GM, Kutner NG, Dalrymple LS, Grimes BA, Kaysen GA. Low level of self-reported physical activity in ambulatory patients new to dialysis. Kidney Int. 2010;78(11):1164-70

23. Lee SY, Yang DH, Hwang E, Kang SH, Park SH, Kim TW. et al. The Prevalence, Association, and Clinical Outcomes of Frailty in Maintenance Dialysis Patients. J Ren Nutr. 2017;27(2):106-12

24. Ma L, Tang Z, Zhang L, Sun F, Li Y, Chan P. Prevalence of Frailty and Associated Factors in the Community-Dwelling Population of China. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2018;66(3):559-64

25. Woo J, Zheng Z, Leung J, Chan P. Prevalence of frailty and contributory factors in three Chinese populations with different socioeconomic and healthcare characteristics. BMC Geriatr. 2015;15:163

26. Chhetri JK, Zheng Z, Xu X, Ma C, Chan P. The prevalence and incidence of frailty in Pre-diabetic and diabetic community-dwelling older population: results from Beijing longitudinal study of aging II (BLSA-II). BMC Geriatr. 2017;17(1):47

27. Meulendijks FG, Hamaker ME, Boereboom FT, Kalf A, Vögtlander NP, van Munster BC. Groningen frailty indicator in older patients with end-stage renal disease. Ren Fail. 2015;37(9):1419-24

28. Bao Y, Dalrymple L, Chertow GM, Kaysen GA, Johansen KL. Frailty, dialysis initiation, and mortality in end-stage renal disease. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(14):1071-7

29. Johansen KL, Dalrymple LS, Glidden D, Delgado C, Kaysen GA, Grimes B. et al. Association of Performance-Based and Self-Reported Function-Based Definitions of Frailty with Mortality among Patients Receiving Hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;11(4):626-32

30. Skaar E, Eide LSP, Norekvål TM, Ranhoff AH, Nordrehaug JE, Forman DE. et al. A novel geriatric assessment frailty score predicts 2-year mortality after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes. 2019;5(2):153-60

31. Ambler GK, Brooks DE, Al Zuhir N, Ali A, Gohel MS, Hayes PD. et al. Effect of frailty on short- and mid-term outcomes in vascular surgical patients. Br J Surg. 2015;102(6):638-45

32. Lee SW, Lee A, Yu MY, Kim SW, Kim KI, Na KY. et al. Is Frailty a Modifiable Risk Factor of Future Adverse Outcomes in Elderly Patients with Incident End-Stage Renal Disease?. J Korean Med Sci. 2017;32(11):1800-6

33. van Loon IN, Goto NA, Boereboom FTJ, Bots ML, Hoogeveen EK, Gamadia L. et al. Geriatric Assessment and the Relation with Mortality and Hospitalizations in Older Patients Starting Dialysis. Nephron. 2019;143(2):108-19

34. Kanno A, Nakayama M, Sanada S, Sato M, Sato T, Taguma Y. Suboptimal initiation predicts short-term prognosis and vulnerability among very elderly patients who start haemodialysis. Nephrology (Carlton). 2019;24(1):94-101

35. Burton JO, Jefferies HJ, Selby NM, McIntyre CW. Hemodialysis-induced cardiac injury: determinants and associated outcomes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4(5):914-20

36. Denfeld QE, Winters-Stone K, Mudd JO, Gelow JM, Kurdi S, Lee CS. The prevalence of frailty in heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2017;236:283-9

37. Gilbertson DT, Monda KL, Bradbury BD, Collins AJ. RBC transfusions among hemodialysis patients (1999-2010): influence of hemoglobin concentrations below 10 g/dL. Am J Kidney Dis. 2013;62(5):919-28

38. Chaves PH, Semba RD, Leng SX, Woodman RC, Ferrucci L, Guralnik JM. et al. Impact of anemia and cardiovascular disease on frailty status of community-dwelling older women: the Women's Health and Aging Studies I and II. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005;60(6):729-35

39. Palmer K, Vetrano DL, Marengoni A, Tummolo AM, Villani ER, Acampora N. et al. The Relationship between Anaemia and Frailty: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. J Nutr Health Aging. 2018;22(8):965-74

40. Feng Z, Lugtenberg M, Franse C, Fang X, Hu S, Jin C. et al. Risk factors and protective factors associated with incident or increase of frailty among community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. PLoS One. 2017;12(6):e0178383

41. Ng JK, Kwan BC, Chow KM, Cheng PM, Law MC, Pang WF. et al. Frailty in Chinese Peritoneal Dialysis Patients: Prevalence and Prognostic Significance. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2016;41(6):736-45

42. García-Esquinas E, Guallar-Castillón P, Carnicero JA, Buño A, García-García FJ, Rodríguez-Mañas L. et al. Serum uric acid concentrations and risk of frailty in older adults. Exp Gerontol. 2016;82:160-5

43. Lai KJ, Kor CT, Hsieh YP. An Inverse Relationship between Hyperuricemia and Mortality in Patients Undergoing Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis. J Clin Med. 2018 7(11)

44. Sy J, McCulloch CE, Johansen KL. Depressive symptoms, frailty, and mortality among dialysis patients. Hemodial Int. 2019;23(2):239-46

45. Uchmanowicz I, Gobbens RJ. The relationship between frailty, anxiety and depression, and health-related quality of life in elderly patients with heart failure. Clin Interv Aging. 2015;10:1595-600

46. Chhetri JK, Ma L, Woo J, Chan P. Geriatric medicine in China: an old but emerging subspecialty. Age Ageing. 2020

Author contact

Corresponding author: Dr. Piu Chan, Department of Geriatrics, Neurology and Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China, E-mail: pbchancom.

Received 2020-8-25
Accepted 2021-7-13
Published 2021-7-25

Citation styles

©2024 Ivyspring International Publisher. Terms of use