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Int J Med Sci 2017; 14(4):376-381. doi:10.7150/ijms.17112 This issue Cite

Research Paper

New Optimal Needle Entry Angle for Cervical Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections: A Retrospective Study

Myong-Hwan Karm¹, Jun Young Park², Doo Hwan Kim², Hyun-Seok Cho², Jae-Young Lee², Koo Kwon², Jeong Hun Suh²

1. Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, Korea;
2. Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

✉ Corresponding author: Jeong Hun Suh, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea, Tel: +82-2-3010-5630, Fax: +82-2-470-1363, E-mail: paindrsuhcom More

Abstract

Objective: A cervical epidural steroid injection is one of the most commonly performed interventions to manage chronic neck pain and cervical radiculopathy. Despite its many severe complications, cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injection (CTFESI) is a clinically necessary modality for managing neck pain and cervical radiculopathy. We aimed in this study to find a safer optimal needle entry angle to decrease the chance of an accidental vertebral artery (VA) puncture even with a proper needle entry angle and to visualize the target of the needle tip.

Methods: This retrospective study included 312 patients with neck pain or cervical radiculopathy who had undergone magnetic resonance imaging scans for diagnosis and treatment. The first line was drawn from the midpoint of the two articular pillars and passed through the exact midline of the spinous process. The second line was drawn parallel to the ventral lamina line (conventional transforaminal approach line, CTAL). The third line was drawn parallel to the ventral margin at the midpoint of the superior articular process's ventral border (new transforaminal approach line, NTAL). The angle of intersection between the midline and CTAL versus with NTAL were measured from both sides (right and left) at C5-6, C6-7, and C7-T1 levels. Also, the distance of CTAL and NTAL from VA were measured from both sides at each level. We examined whether the CTAL and NTAL would penetrate the ipsilateral VA, internal carotid artery (ICA), and internal jugular vein (IJV).

Results: There were significant differences between CTAL and NTAL angles at all levels (P < 0.001). There were significant differences between the distance of CTAL and NTAL from VA at all levels (P < 0.001). There were also significant differences between the observed frequency of CTAL and NTAL that would penetrate the major ipsilateral vessel (VA, ICA, and IJV) on all levels and sides (P < 0.001~0.030).

Conclusion: The angle of NTAL (approximately 70°) is safer than the angle of CTAL (approximately 50°) when considering vascular injuries to vessels, such as the VA, ICA, and IJV.

Keywords: cervical radiculopathy, internal carotid artery, internal jugular vein, needle entry angle, transforaminal epidural steroid injection, vertebral artery.

Introduction

With a prevalence of 38% to 48%, neck pain is common in the adult population, and the prevalence of chronic neck pain is 16% to 22% [1]. The incidence of cervical radiculopathy is also not rare [2, 3]. Neck pain and cervical radiculopathy have been shown to be caused by cervical facet joints, the atlanto-axial and atlanto-occipital joints, fascia, ligaments, muscles, nerve roots, and intervertebral discs [1, 4, 5]. There are various modalities of non-invasive therapy for neck pain with or without cervical radiculopathy, such as analgesics, physiotherapy, cervical traction, manual therapy, and exercise therapy [6-8]. However, the effects of these conservative treatments remain uncertain and controversial [6].

Cervical epidural steroid injection (ESI) is one of the most commonly performed interventions to manage chronic neck pain and cervical radiculopathy from spinal stenosis, herniated discs, chemical discs, discogenic pain, and chronic pain secondary to post-cervical surgery syndrome [1, 9, 10]. There is moderate evidence in systematic reviews and randomized clinical trials that cervical ESI is effective in reducing neck pain and cervical radiculopathy [1, 9, 11, 12]. Cervical ESI is performed either by transforaminal or interlaminar approaches [1, 13-15].

More severe complications, such as subdural hematoma, quadriparesis, brainstem herniation, spinal cord injury, brainstem and cervical spinal cord infarction, vertebral artery (VA) perforation, and even death, occur more often with cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injection (CTFESI) than with cervical interlaminar epidural steroid injection (CILESI) [15-26]. Despite these severe complications, CTFESI is a clinically necessary modality for managing neck pain and cervical radiculopathy because it is the target-specific modality requiring the smallest volume to reach the primary site of pathology [4].

Chen et al. asserted that the optimal needle entry angle using the anterior oblique approach for performing CTFESI is approximately 50° in the supine position [27]. Although that angle allows better visualization of the neural foramen (NF), we were doubtful about the safety of this angle. Actually, the risk of VA perforation remains even when CTFESI is performed using a 50° angle. We believe that a view with a better visualization of the NF is different from the safest procedure because the target of the needle tip is not the inner side of the NF. CTFESI can be performed if the superior articular process (SAP) is well-exposed because the target of the needle tip is the ventral border of SAP.

Hence, we aimed in this study to identify a safer optimal needle entry angle to decrease chance of an accidental VA puncture and to visualize the target of the needle tip, hypothesizing that the needle entry angle of the SAP's ventral margin is farther away from the VA than the angle of the lamina's ventral margin.

Methods

This retrospective observational study was conducted in the pain management clinic and was approved by the institutional review board of Asan Medical Center (approval number, 2016-0230). The necessity for obtaining informed consent was waived because the investigators only retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical record data in this study. The cases in this retrospective study included 312 patients with neck pain or cervical radiculopathy in 2015 who had undergone magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans for diagnosis and treatment. Inclusion criteria included the following: (1) patient age ≥20 years; (2) had visited the Asan Medical Center for treatment of neck pain or cervical radiculopathy; (3) available results of cervical MRI scans; and (4) a diagnosed cervical radiculopathy, HIVD, or spinal stenosis. Exclusion criteria included (1) patient age <20 years; (2) history of prior cervical spine surgery; and (3) having another anatomical abnormality on cervical MRI scans.

Data were collected by measuring the angles from the axial T2-weighted imaging from C5-6, C6-7, and C7-T1. The axial section image was selected that best observed the inner border of both the foramen and laminar among the intervertebral disc level images at each level. The angles on the axial sections of the MRI imaging were measured using Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) software. The first line was drawn from the midpoint of the two articular pillars and passed through the exact midline of the spinous process. In the case of a bifid spinous process, the line was drawn through the midpoint of the bifid process. The second line was drawn parallel to the ventral lamina line (conventional transforaminal approach line, CTAL) [27]. The third line was drawn parallel to the ventral margin at the midpoint of the SAP's ventral border (new transforaminal approach line, NTAL). The angle of intersection between the midline and CTAL, as well as that between the midline and NTAL were measured by PACS software from both sides (right and left) at C5-6, C6-7, and C7-T1 levels. Also, the distance of CTAL and NTAL from VA were measured from both sides at each level. We examined whether the CTAL and NTAL penetrated the ipsilateral VA, internal carotid artery (ICA), and internal jugular vein (IJV; Fig. 1).

Data Analysis and Statistical Methods

We divided the study subjects into two groups, CTAL and NTAL. To assess angle and distances differences between the two groups, angles and distances were compared using paired t-tests. Categorical variables were compared using the χ² test or Fisher's exact test to assess the difference between the frequencies that the two lines penetrated the major vessels, as appropriate. Continuous variables are presented as means with standard deviation (SD), 95% confidence intervals (CI), or medians with the interquartile range (IQR). Categorical variables are presented as absolute numbers and percentages. Analyses were performed using SPSS Statistics version 21 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). A two-tailed P-value <0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

 Figure 1 

A) The midline (solid line, blue) was drawn from the midpoint of the two articular pillars and to pass through the midline of the spinous process. The CTAL (dashed line, yellow) was drawn parallel to the ventral lamina line, and the NTAL (dotted line, white) was drawn parallel to the ventral margin of the superior articular process (SAP). A five-pointed star (green) represents the angle between the midline and NTAL, and the six-pointed star (green) represents the angle between the midline and CTAL. Different fluoroscopic views in a single subject that were taken as part of study; B) oblique 50° C) oblique 70°. CTAL = conventional transforaminal approach line; NTAL = new transforaminal approach line; VA = vertebral artery; ICA = internal carotid artery; IJV = internal jugular vein.

Results

We screened patients who had undergone MRI scans during 2015 for neck pain or radiculopathy in their upper extremities at Asan Medical Center. A total of 312 patients who met the inclusion criteria were retrospectively reviewed. Patient demographic data are presented in Table 1. There were 162 male and 150 female subjects with a mean age (IQR) of 50 (44-55) years. The primary diagnosis among these patients was cervical radiculopathy (198, 63.5%), a herniated intervertebral disc (HIVD; 79, 25.3%), or spinal stenosis (35, 11.2%).

The angle between the two lines and differences in these two angles are listed in Table 2. The CTAL angles on the right C5-6, C6-7, C7-T1, left C5-6, C6-7, and C7-T1 were the following: 50.0 ± 5.6, 50.2 ± 4.9, 50.9 ± 5.0, 51.1 ± 5.5, 50.3 ± 5.0, and 50.9 ± 5.5, respectively. The NTAL angles on the right C5-6, C 6-7, C7-T1, left C5-6, C6-7, and C7-T1 were as follows: 66.2 ± 7.2, 71.4 ± 6.6, 73.1 ± 6.9, 66.0 ± 7.5, 70.8 ± 6.0, and 72.0 ± 7.4, respectively. There were significant differences between the CTAL and NTAL angles at all levels (P < 0.001). The estimated difference (95% CI) on the right C5-6, C6-7, C7-T1, left C5-6, C6-7, and C7-T1 were 16.2 (15.2-17.2), 21.2 (20.3-22.1), 22.2 (21.2-23.2), 14.9 (14.0-15.9), 20.5 (19.7-21.4), and 21.1 (20.1-22.2), respectively.

The distance of CTAL and NTAL from VA are listed in Table 3. The distance (mm) of CTAL from VA on the right C5-6, C6-7, C7-T1, left C5-6, C6-7, and C7-T1 were the following: 3.3 ± 1.8, 3.4 ± 2.0, 4.8 ± 2.9, 3.1 ± 1.8, 3.2 ± 2.1, and 5.3 ± 3.5, respectively. The distance (mm) of NTAL from VA on the right C5-6, C6-7, C7-T1, left C5-6, C6-7, and C7-T1 were the following: 4.2 ± 1.6, 6.2 ± 2.1, 11.0 ± 3.3, 4.2 ± 1.4, 5.8 ± 2.2, and 11.0 ± 3.5, respectively. There were significant differences between the distance of CTAL and NTAL from VA at all levels (P < 0.001). The estimated difference (95% CI) on the right C5-6, C6-7, C7-T1, left C5-6, C6-7, and C7-T1 were 1.1 (0.8-1.3), 2.9 (2.7-3.2), 6.1 (5.7-6.4), 1.0 (0.8-1.2), 2.7 (2.4-3.0), and 5.8 (5.5-6.2), respectively.

The observed frequencies that the line penetrated a major ipsilateral vessel (VA, ICA, and IJV) are presented in Table 4. The frequencies that CTAL penetrated the ipsilateral VA on the right C5-6, C6-7, C7-T1, left C5-6, C6-7, and C7-T1 were the following: 11 (3.5%), 17 (5.4%), 14 (4.5%), 8 (2.6%), 24 (7.7%), and 25 (8%), respectively. The frequencies that NTAL penetrated the ipsilateral VA at all levels and sides were zero. The frequencies that CTAL penetrated the ipsilateral ICA on the right C5-6, C6-7, C7-T1, left C5-6, C6-7, and C7-T1 were the following: 60 (19.2%), 26 (8.3%), 7 (2.2%), 45 (14.4%), 34 (10.9%), and 6 (1.9%), respectively. The frequencies on the right and left C5-6 that NTAL penetrated the ipsilateral ICA were 4 (1.3%) and 5 (1.6%), respectively. The frequency at all other levels and sides was zero. The frequencies that CTAL penetrated the ipsilateral IJV on the right C5-6, C6-7, C7-T1, left C5-6, C6-7, and C7-T1 were the following: 204 (65.4%), 176 (56.4%), 71 (22.8%), 188 (60.3%), 142 (45.5%), and 52 (16.7%), respectively. The frequencies of NTAL C7-T1 were 125 (40.0%), 36 (11.5%), 5 (1.6%), 90 (28.8%), 24 (7.7%), and 2 (0.6%), respectively. There were significant differences between the observed frequency that CTAL versus NTAL penetrated the major ipsilateral vessel (VA, ICA, and IJV) on all levels and sides (P < 0.001~0.030).

Discussion

Finding safer methods of performing the CTFESI procedure has required constant efforts. The proper needle entry angle for CTFESI was proposed by Chen et al. [27]. Although their recommendation represents the angle that allows optimal visualization of the NF, this angle may not be optimal for CTFESI. The risk of VA perforation always exists due to variable anomalous locations of the VA [28-30]. Before performing CTFESI, evaluating for possible variations of cervical vascular anatomy through an MRI or CT would be helpful to minimize the risk of adverse events.

In our current study, we measured and evaluated the needle entry angle of two methods (CTAL and NTAL) at three levels (C5-6, C6-7, and C7-T1) on both sides (right and left) of 312 patients. The needle entry angle of CTAL was approximately 50°, while that of NTAL was approximately 70°. We believe that this difference of angle occurred because we have chosen the better visualization view of the SAP not of the NF. A slight difference in the needle entry angle at the skin could increase the chance of a VA puncture. We demonstrated that the needle position when the NTAL method is used is farther away from the VA than when the CTAL method is performed (Table 3). Because the complication of an incidental VA puncture is fatal, we are obligated to seek the safer method. We consider the NTAL method (70°, approximately) to be safer because of its lower expected risk of an accidental VA puncture.

We also analyzed the frequency of the angle penetrating the ipsilateral VA, ICA, and IJV, and found that the incidence of the angle of CTAL penetrating the ipsilateral VA, ICA, and IJV was greater than that of NTAL on all levels and sides. It is impressive that the frequencies that NTAL penetrated the ipsilateral VA at all levels and sides were zero. There was a significant difference in the incidence of the angle penetrating the ipsilateral VA, ICA, and IJV (P < 0.001~0.030). These complications involving VA, ICA or IJV injury are also major problems and have to be prevented to decrease the prevalence of VA, ICA or IJV puncture. We recommend that an MRI or CT should be evaluated for a vascular anatomical abnormality, such as VA, ICA, and IJV, before performing CTFESI if possible. This action could decrease the chance of vascular injury complications. Also, we thought that measuring the expected needle length from the VA and the needle entry angle on the MRI image would be helpful to develop a safer procedure.

Our study had several limitations of note. First, this study was designed to be retrospective and observational and was not controlled or blinded. Second, we measured and analyzed the needle entry angle, but we cannot yet acquire real practice data using our new angle. Although we have performed CTFESI using the new angle at our center, additional time will be required to collect data using this new angle. We are planning to perform a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the optimal entry needle angle.

Conclusion

The angle of NTAL (approximately 70°) is safer than the angle of CTAL (approximately 50°) when considering vascular injuries to vessels, such as the VA, ICA, and IJV. However, more research will be needed to develop a consensus on the safe needle entry angle because of a relative lack of research to date on the optimal needle entry angle for CTFESI.

Abbreviations

ESI: epidural steroid injection; VA: vertebral artery; CTFESI: cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injection; CILESI: cervical interlaminar epidural steroid injection; NF: neural foramen; SAP: superior articular process; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; PACS: Picture Archiving and Communication System; CTAL: conventional transforaminal approach line; NTAL: new transforaminal approach line; ICA: internal carotid artery; IJV: internal jugular vein; SD: standard deviation; CI: confidence intervals; IQR: interquartile range; HIVD: herniated intervertebral disc.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the pain clinic members of Asan medical center for the collection of data.

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

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Author contact

Corresponding author: Jeong Hun Suh, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea, Tel: +82-2-3010-5630, Fax: +82-2-470-1363, E-mail: paindrsuhcom

Received 2016-8-5
Accepted 2016-11-15
Published 2017-4-8

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