PDF

Int J Med Sci 2024; 21(9):1730-1737. doi:10.7150/ijms.97400 This issue Cite

Research Paper

Association of Delta Neutrophil Index with the 30-day Mortality in Adult Cardiac Surgical Patients

Sujin Kim¹, Ji-Hyoung Park², Hyunjae Lim¹, Haesung Lee¹, Seung Woo Song²

1. Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Republic of Korea.
2. Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea.

✉ Corresponding author: Seung Woo Song, Assistant Professor, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, yonfongac.kr; +82-33-741-1536; +82-33-742-8198.

Abstract

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the predictive accuracy of 30-day mortality with delta neutrophil index (DNI) in adult cardiac surgical patients.

Methods: This study enrolled patients who underwent cardiac surgery under general anesthesia between March 2016 and May 2022 at a tertiary hospital in the Republic of Korea. DNI was measured preoperatively, on postoperative arrival to the surgical intensive care unit (ICU), and 12, 24, 48, and 72 h postoperatively. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was employed to identify the prediction accuracy of DNI. An area under ROC curve (AUROC) ≥0.700 was defined as satisfactory predictive accuracy. An optimal cutoff point for the DNI value to maximize predictive accuracy was revealed in the ROC curve, where [sensitivity + specificity] was maximum.

Results: This study included a total of 843 patients in the final analyses. The mean age of the study population was 66.9±12.2 years and 38.4% of them were female patients. The overall 30-day mortality rate was 5.2%. Surgery involving the thoracic aorta, history of prior cardiac surgery, or emergency surgery were associated with a higher mortality rate. The DNI showed satisfactory predictive accuracy at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h postoperatively, with AUROC of 0.729, 0.711, and 0.755, respectively. The optimal cutoff points of DNI at each time point were 3.2, 3.8, and 2.3, respectively.

Conclusions: Postoperative DNI is a good predictor of 30-day mortality after cardiac surgery and has the benefit of no additional financial costs or time.

Keywords: delta neutrophil index, cardiac surgical procedures, perioperative care, critical care, blood cell count

Introduction

Patients who undergo cardiovascular surgery frequently experience postoperative complications due to preoperative comorbidities and the high-risk nature of cardiovascular surgeries [1]. The incidence of postoperative mortality remains higher than that of other surgeries. Mortality following valve replacement and coronary artery bypass was reported to be 2-3% and 4%, respectively [2]. Identifying patients at higher risk of complications during the early postoperative phase from lower-risk patients, followed by appropriate treatment, can improve survival.

The delta neutrophil index (DNI) is the fraction of immature granulocytes in circulating blood obtained from the differences in subfractions measured in the myeloperoxidase and nuclear lobularity channels [3]. It has been widely studied for predicting the clinical course of high-risk patients who experience a systemic inflammatory response or those undergoing major noncardiac surgeries [4-6]. However, only a few studies have assessed the use of DNI in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Hence, this study examined the role of the DNI in predicting postoperative mortality among patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

Materials and Methods

Study population

This study enrolled patients who underwent cardiovascular surgery under general anesthesia between March 2016 and May 2022 at a tertiary university hospital in Wonju, Republic of Korea. Inclusion criteria were as follows: cardiac valve replacement, cardiac valvuloplasty, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), other cardiac surgical procedures requiring cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), and surgery involving the thoracic aorta. Exclusion criteria were as follows: preoperative DNI > 7.0%, [5] DNI never measured during the first three postoperative days, intraoperative death, and cardiac surgeries without CPB, except in cases of off-pump CABG (OPCAB). The patients were routinely administered prophylactic antibiotics preoperatively.

Variables

The independent variable used was the DNI values measured until the postoperative day (POD) 3. The DNI was automatically measured as (the leukocyte subfraction assayed in the myeloperoxidase channel on cytochemical reaction) - (the leukocyte subfraction assayed in the nuclear lobularity channel using the reflected light beam) by a hematological analyzer, ADVIA 2120i (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Inc., New York, USA). It was reported as one item of complete blood cell count (CBC) result, and CBC was conducted 2 hours before surgery, on postoperative arrival to the surgical intensive care unit (ICU), and 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours postoperatively. The primary outcome was the 30-day mortality. Age, sex, height, weight, history of prior cardiac surgery, diabetes, and preoperative hemoglobin, creatinine, and BNP (Brain natriuretic peptide) levels were recorded as covariates. The duration of CPB or aortic cross-clamp (ACC), wherein both were performed, and anesthesia duration were also recorded. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and neutrophil to lymphocyte*platelet ratio (NLPR) in each time point was calculated based on the CBC result [7].

Statistical analysis

Descriptive analyses were performed according to patient survival or mortality. The t-test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test was conducted according to the distribution of each continuous variable. The chi-squared test was used for comparing categorical variables.

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to identify the prediction accuracy of DNI for the primary outcome. An AUROC of 0.700 or higher was defined as satisfactory predictive accuracy. An optimal cutoff point for this value to maximize predictive accuracy was revealed in the ROC curve, where [sensitivity + specificity] was maximum. R statistics version 4.3.1 (R Core Team, Vienna, Austria) was used for statistical analysis and graphical presentation.

Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine an association of DNI with the 30-day mortality considering the effect of covariates. Covariates were emergency operation, history of prior cardiac surgery, anemia of Hb < 10g/dL, serum creatinine > 1.3mg/dL, BNP > 100pg/mL, and CPB duration. The analysis was conducted by enter method and backward variable elimination.

Results

A total of 852 patients met the inclusion criteria. Nine patients were excluded according to the exclusion criteria. The preoperative DNI of the three surgical cases was >7.0%. The postoperative DNI was not measured in two cases. Surgical procedures were not performed after inducing anesthesia in four cases. Hence, a total of 843 patients were included in the final analysis (Figure 1).

In this population, the overall 30-day mortality rate was 5.2%. The mean age of the whole patients was 66.9 ± 12.2, wherein 38.4% are female patients. The mean body weight was 62.1 ± 11.7 kg, and the body mass index was 24.1 ± 3.5 kg/m² (Table 1). Anthropometric and demographic data were similar between survivors and deceased individuals, except for age.

Off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) was the most frequently performed procedure in the medical center, and 9 patients underwent unplanned cardiopulmonary bypass. Only four cases of CABG with CPB were done in the initial plan. Mortality in 30 days postoperatively was less frequent in patients who underwent OPCAB (2.1%) compared with the entire population.

Valve surgery was also frequently performed, with similar frequencies in both groups. OPCAB was more frequent in the survival group, while surgical procedures involving the thoracic aorta were more frequent in the mortality group. Mortality in 30 days postoperatively was 15.0% among patients who underwent surgery involving the thoracic aorta. Emergency cardiac surgery was associated with a higher mortality rate than elective surgery (17.2% vs. 3.7%). Patients with prior experience of cardiac surgery comprised 5.0% of the population, with a 19.0% mortality rate.

 Figure 1 

Study flow diagram.

Preoperative features differed between the survival and mortality groups in terms of age, presence of prior cardiac surgical history, and hemoglobin, creatinine, and BNP levels. ACC and CPB durations were longer in the mortality group.

There was a uniform trend of higher DNI in the mortality group from the immediate postoperative period until POD 3 (Figure 2). Platelet count was the only hematologic factor that was uniformly lower in the mortality group compared with the survival group (Table 2). The neutrophil to lymphocyte*platelet ratio was higher at 24 h postoperatively; however, it was lower in the mortality group compared with the survival group during the immediate postoperative period.

On the ROC curve analysis, DNI showed fair prediction accuracy of 30-day mortality at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h postoperatively (Figure 3). Specificity was higher than 80% from 12 h to 72 h postoperatively (Table 3).

Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed statistically significant association of DNI, postoperative 12 hours to 72 hours, and the 30-day mortality (Table 4 and Supplementary material 1). Emergency operations and longer CPB duration were also significantly associated with a higher risk of mortality.

Discussion

Overall, the DNI showed fair performance in discriminating the mortality group from the survival group among patients who underwent cardiac surgery. DNI and platelet counts indicated consistent differences at each time point. However, the platelet count can be altered through transfusion or hemodilution [8]. The DNI is not altered by these interventions and can be adopted as a reliable prognostic marker in patients undergoing major surgeries [4, 9].

In a study by Kong et al., the DNI was associated with 30-day mortality among patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction [10]. A DNI > 2.9% at 24 h after admission could predict 30-day mortality in patients. This DNI threshold value is similar to the value proposed in the current study of the equivalent time point, 3.2%.

During cardiac surgery, inflammation is induced by various factors such as surgical trauma, ischemia, and CPB [11]. Platelets are activated by heparin, hypothermia, and CPB, which amplify tissue injury. Cardiac surgery is linked with a systemic inflammatory response that can lead to adverse clinical outcomes, and the incidence of clinically defined SIRS was 96.2% in the first 24 h after admission in a previous study [12]. This may be related to the good performance of the DNI as a predictive marker, considering that DNI predicts systemic inflammation outcomes [13].

The overall characteristics of the surgical population were similar to those reported in previous studies. Surgery involving thoracic aorta, and emergency cardiac surgery were associated with higher mortality [14, 15]. Re-do cardiac surgery is another high-risk factor [16]. A higher NLR was also associated with poor outcome, which was formerly reported by the previous studies [7, 17].

CBC is routinely measured in cardiac surgical patients postoperatively [18], and DNI is easily automatically measured during CBC testing using a blood cell analyzer [19]. The decisions of clinicians who have the burden of postoperative care in cardiac surgical patients can be assisted by the DNI without additional cost and time.

 Figure 2 

DNI trend through a postoperative period in both groups.

 Figure 3 

A ROC curve of DNI for postoperative mortality at each time point. A, On admission to the ICU; B, 12 h postoperatively; C, 24 h postoperatively; D, 48 h postoperatively; E, 72 h postoperatively.

One limitation of our study is its retrospective nature, necessitating validation through prospective research. A multicenter study is warranted to identify its usefulness in a cardiac surgery population with other preoperative demographics or medical features.

Supplementary Material

Supplementary table.

Acknowledgements

Funding

This study was supported by Yonsei University (2023-71-0137).

Ethics approval

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Wonju Severance Christian Hospital (CR322061).

ORCID

Sujin Kim 0000-0001-9220-4614; Ji-Hyoung Park 0000-0003-1320-411X; Seung Woo Song 0000-0002-1030-5348.

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

References

1. Pahwa S, Bernabei A, Schaff H, Stulak J, Greason K, Pochettino A. et al. Impact of postoperative complications after cardiac surgery on long-term survival. J Card Surg. 2021;36:2045-52

2. Landoni G, Lomivorotov V, Silvetti S, Nigro Neto C, Pisano A, Alvaro G. et al. Nonsurgical Strategies to Reduce Mortality in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: An Updated Consensus Process. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2018;32:225-35

3. Yune HY, Chung SP, Park YS, Chung HS, Lee HS, Lee JW. et al. Delta neutrophil index as a promising prognostic marker in out of hospital cardiac arrest. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0120677

4. Gong SC, Ryu H, Jang JY. Usefulness of delta neutrophil index as a biomarker to predict postoperative complication in patients who underwent esophagectomy. Medicine. 2021;100:e28311

5. Bang HJ, Kim K, Shim H, Kim S, Jung PY, Choi YU. et al. Delta neutrophil index for predicting mortality in trauma patients who underwent emergent abdominal surgery: A case controlled study. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0230149

6. Seok Y, Choi JR, Kim J, Kim YK, Lee J, Song J. et al. Delta neutrophil index: a promising diagnostic and prognostic marker for sepsis. Shock. 2012;37:242-6

7. Manuel V, Miana LA, Jatene MB. Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio in Congenital Heart Surgery: What Is Known and What Is New? World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg. 2022;13:208-16

8. Caballo C, Escolar G, Diaz-Ricart M, Lopez-Vilchez I, Lozano M, Cid J. et al. Impact of experimental haemodilution on platelet function, thrombin generation and clot firmness: effects of different coagulation factor concentrates. Blood Transfus. 2013;11:391-9

9. Soh JS, Lim SW. Delta neutrophil index as a prognostic marker in emergent abdominal surgery. J Clin Lab Anal. 2019;33:e22895

10. Kong T, Kim TH, Park YS, Chung SP, Lee HS, Hong JH. et al. Usefulness of the delta neutrophil index to predict 30-day mortality in patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. Sci Rep. 2017;7:15718

11. Paparella D, Yau TM, Young E. Cardiopulmonary bypass induced inflammation: pathophysiology and treatment. An update. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2002;21:232-44

12. Squiccimarro E, Labriola C, Malvindi PG, Margari V, Guida P, Visicchio G. et al. Prevalence and Clinical Impact of Systemic Inflammatory Reaction After Cardiac Surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2019;33:1682-90

13. Yoon SH, Lee EJ, Lee J, Kim MK, Ahn JG. Prognostic value of the delta neutrophil index in pediatric cardiac arrest. Sci Rep. 2020;10:3497

14. Miyata H, Motomura N, Tsukihara H, Takamoto S, Japan Cardiovascular Surgery D. Risk models including high-risk cardiovascular procedures: clinical predictors of mortality and morbidity. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2011;39:667-74

15. Kwok CS, Sirker A, Nolan J, Zaman A, Ludman P, de Belder M. et al. A National Evaluation of Emergency Cardiac Surgery After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and Postsurgical Patient Outcomes. Am J Cardiol. 2020;130:24-9

16. Bianco V, Kilic A, Gleason TG, Aranda-Michel E, Habertheuer A, Wang Y. et al. Reoperative Cardiac Surgery Is a Risk Factor for Long-Term Mortality. Ann Thorac Surg. 2020;110:1235-42

17. Manuel V, Miana LA, Guerreiro GP, Tenorio DF, Turquetto A, Penha JG. et al. Prognostic value of the preoperative neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in patients undergoing the bidirectional Glenn procedure. J Card Surg. 2020;35:328-34

18. Lako S, Dedej T, Nurka T, Ostreni V, Demiraj A, Xhaxho R. et al. Hematological Changes in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery: a Prospective Study. Med Arch. 2015;69:181-6

19. Ahn C, Kim W, Lim TH, Cho Y, Choi KS, Jang BH. The delta neutrophil index (DNI) as a prognostic marker for mortality in adults with sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2018;8:6621

Author contact

Corresponding author: Seung Woo Song, Assistant Professor, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, yonfongac.kr; +82-33-741-1536; +82-33-742-8198.

Received 2024-4-16
Accepted 2024-6-21
Published 2024-7-1

Citation styles

©2024 Ivyspring International Publisher. Terms of use