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Int J Med Sci 2024; 21(8):1559-1574. doi:10.7150/ijms.94812 This issue Cite

Research Paper

Integrated Single-cell and Transcriptome Sequencing Analyses Identified PREX1 as an Immune-related Prognostic Biomarker for Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Jing Yang^1#, Lin-Yin Fan^2#, Kai-Yuan Shi^1✉

1. Department of Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging & Interventional Therapy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China.
2. Department of Radiology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
#There authors contributed equally to this work.

✉ Corresponding author: Kai-Yuan Shi. Address: Department of Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging & Interventional Therapy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China; Email: shikyorg.cn. More

Abstract

Background: PtdIns (3,4,5) P3-dependent Rac exchanger 1 (PREX1), also known as PREX1, a member of the Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factors (Rac-GEF) family. Studies have suggested that PREX1 plays a role in mediating oncogenic pathway activation and controlling various biological mechanisms in different types of cancer, including liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC). However, the function of PREX1 in the pathogenesis of LIHC and its potential role on immunological regulation is not clearly elucidated.

Methods: The expression level and the clinical role of PREX1 in LIHC was analyzed based on database from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), TNM plotter and University of Alabama Cancer Database (UALCAN). We investigated the relationship between PREX1 and immunity in LIHC by TISIDB, CIBERSORT and single cell analysis. Immunotherapy responses were assessed by the immunophenoscores (IPS). Moreover, biological functional assays were performed to further investigate the roles of PREX1 in liver cancer cell lines.

Results: Higher expression of PREX1 in LIHC tissues than in normal liver tissues was found based on public datasets. Further analysis revealed that PREX1 was associated with worse clinical characteristics and dismal prognosis. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated that PREX1 participated in immune-related pathways. Through CIBERSORT and single cell analysis, we found a remarkable correlation between the expression of PREX1 and various immune cells, especially macrophages. In addition, high PREX1 expression was found to be associated with a stronger response to immunotherapy. Furthermore, in vitro assays indicated that depletion of PREX1 can suppress invasion and proliferation of LIHC cells.

Conclusion: Elevated expression of PREX1 indicates poor prognosis, influences immune modulation and predicts sensitivity of immunosuppression therapy in LIHC. Our results suggested that PREX1 may be a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target, offering new treatment options for LIHC.

Keywords: PREX1, Liver hepatocellular carcinoma, Prognosis, Immune infiltration, Single cell analysis

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