PDF

Int J Med Sci 2020; 17(1):97-102. doi:10.7150/ijms.37675 This issue Cite

Research Paper

Angiopoietin-2 gene polymorphisms are biomarkers for the development and progression of colorectal cancer in Han Chinese

Zhang Du^1*, Chih-Hsin Tang^2,3,4*, Li-Jun Li¹, Le Kang⁵, Jin Zhao⁵, Lulu Jin⁵, Chao-Qun Wang⁶ , Chen-Ming Su⁷

1. Department of Anorectal Surgery, Affiliated Dongyang Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Dongyang, Zhejiang, China.
2. School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
3. Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
4. Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
5. Department of Biomedical Sciences Laboratory, Affiliated Dongyang Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Dongyang, Zhejiang, China.
6. Department of Pathology, Affiliated Dongyang Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Dongyang, Zhejiang, China.
7. Department of Sports Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
*These authors have contributed equally to this work.

✉ Corresponding authors: Chen-Ming Su, PhD, Department of Sports Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan 40402. Tel: (886) 4-22053366, E-mail: cmsucmu.edu.tw; proof814com.; Chao-Qun Wang, Department of Pathology, Affiliated Dongyang Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Dongyang, Zhejiang, China, E-mail: chaoqunw869com. More

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers in Han Chinese and is characterized by low rates of early diagnosis and poor survival rates. Angiopoietin-2 (Ang2), an endothelial tyrosine kinase, is involved in CRC progression, but little is known about the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and diagnosis or prognosis of CRC. This study reports on the association between 5 SNPs of the Angpt2 gene (rs2442598, rs734701, rs1823375, 11137037, and rs12674822) and CRC susceptibility as well as clinical outcomes in 379 patients with CRC and in 1,043 cancer-free healthy controls. Carriers of the CG allele at rs1823375 and those with the GT+TT allele of the variant rs12674822 were at greater risk of CRC than their respective wild-type counterparts. Moreover, carriers of the GT or GT+TT allele in rs12674822 were significantly more likely to have tumor involvement in both the colon and rectum compared with wild-type (GG) carriers, while 5-year progression-free survival was also significantly worse in those carrying the GT+TT allele in rs12674822 compared with wild-type carriers. Our study is the first to describe correlations between Angpt2 polymorphisms and CRC development and progression in people of Chinese Han ethnicity.

Keywords: Angiopoietin-2, colorectal cancer, polymorphism

Introduction

Epidemiologic evidence demonstrates a rapid increase in the incidence of CRC in China since the mid-2000s, which has been attributed to changes in lifestyle and dietary behaviors, including an increasingly sedentary lifestyle, a Westernized diet and increasing alcohol consumption [1, 2]. Colonoscopy is considered to be the gold standard for CRC investigation [3], with proven efficacy in CRC prevention [4-6]. However, the ultimate efficacy of CRC screening programs depends upon the technique and technology of colonoscopy for accurately detecting colorectal neoplasia and CRC prevention; the protective effect of this procedure is severely compromised by evidence showing a wide variability in endoscopist performance in terms of adenoma detection rate, a proxy for the accuracy of the endoscopist [7]. Thus, the clinical impact of colonoscopy remains uncertain.

Moreover, current diagnostic methods for CRC detection are limited by various features such as the risk of tearing or perforation (i.e., colonoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy), or the failure to the failure to detect most polyps and some cancers (i.e., fecal blood tests) and by the fact that CRC is largely asymptomatic until it progresses to the advanced stages [8]. Diagnosing cytogenetic alterations could serve as more accurate noninvasive biomarker detection methods that provide diagnostic, prognostic and predictive CRC molecular markers in blood and stool [8]. CRC is associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in gene loci, so analyses of the correlation between clinical status and SNP genotyping data can serve as a strategy for improving the diagnosis of CRC, predicting the risk of developing CRC and personalized treatment protocols [9-11]. SNPs in angiopoietin-2 (Angpt2) have been investigated for their association with lung and breast cancers [12, 13]. Angpt2 is localized to the human chromosome band 8p23.1 and supports endothelial cell homeostasis in terms of its angiogenic function [14, 15]. Wang and colleagues observed a significant positive correlation between levels of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and Angpt2 expression and similarly between CTGF and Angpt2 mRNA expression, as well as a significant association between high levels of Angpt2 expression and both clinical stage and metastasis in patients with osteosarcoma [16]. In another investigation, two SNPs in Angpt2 (rs1868554 and rs2442598) were significantly associated with acute lung injury in clinical stage II [13], while another study reported an association between five Angpt2 variants (s2442598, rs734701, rs1823375, rs11137037 and rs1267482) and associated with the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis [17]. So far, no studies have searched for correlations between Angpt2 gene polymorphisms and CRC susceptibility amongst Han Chinese. We therefore performed a case-control study to evaluate the possible involvement of SNPs in the Angpt2 gene and CRC susceptibility in a cohort of Han Chinese patients diagnosed with CRC.

Materials and Methods

Study participants and blood samples

We collected blood specimens from 379 patients (cases) diagnosed with CRC in Dongyang People's Hospital between January 1, 2014 and August 31, 2018. A total of 1,043 healthy subjects without any history of cancer were also enrolled into the study and served as the control group. All study participants provided written informed consent for the study, which was approved by the Ethics Committee of Dongyang People's Hospital and the hospital's Institutional Review Board. Clinicopathologic characteristics were determined for all patients based on their medical records and all study participants completed a standardized questionnaire that acquired detailed clinical data on age, sex, smoking history and levels of alcohol consumption. Whole blood samples (3 mL) were collected from all study participants and stored at -80°C for subsequent DNA extraction.

Selection of Angpt2 polymorphisms

Five Angpt2 SNPs (rs2442598, rs734701, rs1823375, 11137037 and rs12674822) were selected from the intron of Angpt2; all SNPs had minor allele frequencies of greater than 5%. Most Angpt2 SNPs were known to be associated with lung injury or breast cancer [13, 18].

Genomic DNA extraction

Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes using a QIAamp DNA blood kit (Qiagen, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Extracted DNA was stored at -20°C and prepared for genotyping by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Genotyping by real-time PCR

Total genomic DNA was isolated from whole blood specimens using QIAamp DNA blood mini kits (Qiagen, Valencia, CA), as per the manufacturer's instructions. DNA was dissolved in TE buffer (10 mM Tris pH 7.8, 1 mM EDTA) and stored at -20°C until quantitative PCR analysis. Five Angpt2 SNP probes were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (USA) and assessment of allelic discrimination for Angpt2 SNPs was conducted using a QuantStudio^TM 5 Real-Time PCR system (Applied Biosystems, CA, USA), according to the manufacturer's instructions. Data were further analyzed with QuantStudio™ Design & Analysis Software (Applied Biosystems) and analytic statistics were compiled with clinical data [19]. PCR genotyping was performed in a total volume of 10 μL, containing 20-70 ng genomic DNA, 1 U Taqman Genotyping Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA), and 0.25 μL probes. The protocol included an initial denaturation step at 95°C for 10 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95°C for 15 s and 60°C for 1 min.

Statistical analysis

Between-group differences were considered significant if p values were less than 0.05. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was assessed using the Chi-square goodness-of-fit test for biallelic markers. Mann-Whitney U-tests and the Fisher's exact test were used to compare differences in demographic characteristics between healthy controls and patients with CRC. The odds ratios (ORs), adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between genotype frequencies and the risk of CRC or clinicopathologic characteristics were estimated by multiple logistic regression analysis that controlled for age, cigarette and alcohol consumption. Since the data was independent and normal distribution, Fisher's exact test was used to compare differences in demographic characteristics between healthy controls and patients with CRC and Bonferroni's correction for multiple comparisons.

Cox proportional hazards regression modeling evaluated the effects of Angpt2 genotyping results on the probability of recurrence or overall survival (OS) in multivariate analysis that adjusted for age. OS, including 5-year survival rate or probability of recurrence by the end of the study (August, 2018), was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier and univariate and multivariate Cox regression modeling. All data were analyzed using Statistical Analytic System software (v. 9.1, 2005; SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA).

Results

We recruited 379 CRC patients and 1,043 cancer-free healthy subjects, all of whom were of Han Chinese ethnicity. Demographic and clinicopathologic characteristics are described in Table 1. The mean age was 40.47 ± 15.61 years for the patients with CRC (cases) and 53.07 ± 11.31 years for the controls (p < 0.05). Both cohorts were significantly more likely to be non-smokers and less likely to consume alcohol (both p < 0.05). As according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system (6^th edition), the CRC patients were defined as clinical stages I+II (49.1%) or III+IV (50.9%). They were also divided into two groups in terms of their tumor site; i.e., the colon (58.6%) or rectum (41.4%) (Table 1).

Genotyping analysis of cases and controls evaluated associations between the five Angpt2 SNPs (rs2442598, rs734701, rs1823375, 11137037 and rs12674822) and the risk of CRC; the results are given in Table 2. The alleles with the highest distribution frequency at Angpt2 for rs2442598, rs734701, rs1823375, 11137037 and rs12674822 in both cases and controls were heterozygous AT, heterozygous TC, homozygous CC, homozygous AA and heterozygous GT, respectively (Table 2). Individuals carrying CG at rs1823375 had a 1.340-fold (95% CI: 1.002-1.74, p < 0.05) higher risk of CRC compared with individuals carrying the wild-type CC polymorphic allele, in analyses adjusting for age. Having the GT and GT+TT genotypes of SNP rs12674822 significantly increased the risk of developing CRC (OR: 1.419, 95% CI: 1.063-1.892; OR: 1.403, 95% CI: 1.069-1.842, respectively, both p < 0.05), compared with having the GG genotype (Table 2).

Next, Angpt2 genotypes in patients with CRC were investigated to clarify the risk of Angpt2 polymorphisms as according to clinical TNM stage, tumor site and pathologic grade. For this cohort, our initial analysis of the SNP rs12674822 revealed a significant correlation between rs12674822 variants (GG vs GT and GT+TT, respectively) and tumor sites (OR: 1.867, 95% CI: 1.101-3.168; OR: 1.746, 95% CI: 1.055-2.889, respectively; p < 0.05 for both comparisons) (Table 3). No significant findings were observed between other Angpt2 genotypes and clinicopathologic status (data not shown). In addition, no significant patterns of linkage disequilibrium were observed in any of the Angpt2 genotypes analyzed from CRC patients (data not shown).

Angpt2 is known to be involved in CRC progression and survival [20]. We used Kaplan-Meier survival analysis to demonstrate the correlation of Angpt2 polymorphisms with OS and progression-free survival (PFS) (Fig. 1). Interestingly, CRC patients carrying GT+TT at rs12674822 had lower five-year OS (p = 0.672) and significantly worse PFS (p = 0.041), compared to those with the GG genotype. This finding suggests that presence of the Angpt2 polymorphism at rs12674822 could serve as a genetic marker for PFS in Han Chinese patients with CRC.

Discussion

The main objective of this hospital-based, case-control study was to investigate the association between Angpt2 polymorphisms and CRC susceptibility in a Han Chinese population. We investigated the roles of rs2442598, rs734701, rs1823375, 11137037 and rs12674822 polymorphisms of the Angpt2 gene on the risk of developing CRC and on five-year survival of the CRC cohort. Our results revealed that genetic variants of the Angpt2 rs12674822 polymorphism appears to be correlated with the risk of CRC and PFS in CRC patients. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to provide evidence on associations between Angpt2 polymorphisms and CRC susceptibility in a Han Chinese population.

 Figure 1 

Association of Angpt2 rs12674822 with five-year survival in 379 colorectal cancer patients. (A) Kaplan-Meier analysis of the correlation between rs12674822 genotypes and overall survival in 379 colorectal cancer patients. (B) Kaplan-Meier analysis of the correlation between the rs12674822 genotype and progression-free survival in colorectal cancer patients.

As with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), the role of Angpt2 has been characterized as being pro-angiogenic or pro-inflammatory in cancer progression [21-24]. However, there are few reports regarding Angpt2 polymorphisms in various types of cancers. An American study that evaluated genetic associations between 17 candidate genes, including Angpt2, and the development of lymphedema following treatment for breast cancer concluded that Ang2 rs1823375 has no significant involvement in lymphangiogenesis or angiogenesis [18]. Previous studies have reported that Angpt2 gene polymorphisms are associated with sleep-disordered breathing [25] and lung injury syndrome [13, 26, 27], indicating that Angpt2 could be a biomarker for lung disease. Another study, in an African American cohort, has reported that two SNPs in Angpt2 (rs1868554 and rs2442598) are significantly associated with acute lung injury pathogenesis and susceptibility [13]. Our recent study also demonstrated that the Angpt2 rs11137037 polymorphism was associated with a high risk of clinical-stage lung cancer in people of Han Chinese ethnicity [28]. A recent study has revealed that Angpt2 polymorphisms were associated with patients with resected colorectal liver metastases [29]. In this study, we extended our numbers of patients and controls from our previous study [30-32]. Our results reveal that smoking and alcohol consumption are significant risk factors for CRC (Table 1; p < 0.05 for both comparisons). Specifically, Angpt2 rs1823375 and rs12674822 polymorphisms were associated with a higher susceptibility for CRC, in analyses controlling for smoking and alcohol consumption.

A systematic review has demonstrated that tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes have prognostic and predictive significance in colon, rectal and metastatic CRC [33]. Our results indicate that the GT and GT+TT variants of the SNP rs12674822 are significantly correlated with tumor site (i.e., the rectum). Our linkage disequilibrium analysis of all Angpt2 SNPs revealed no specific results (Supplementary Figure S1). The highest risk genotypes were rs734701 TC and rs2442598 AT (r² = 0.66) (data not shown). Linkage disequilibrium between Angpt2 rs1823375 CG and Angpt2 rs12674822 GT (r² = 0.12) had no such association, suggesting that it requires further analysis in other CRC cohorts.

In this study, we found that Angpt2 rs12674822 GT+TT were significantly related to PFS in CRC patients. SNP rs12674822 is located in the intron of Angpt2 and MCPH1, which each induce endothelial cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, respectively [34-36]. We propose that rs12674822 may increase Angpt2 mRNA expression by affecting tumor-derived endothelial cell apoptosis in CRC. Further investigations are needed to elucidate this aspect.

Limitations of this study include common issues such as the small sample size. Further studies with larger patient populations should explore the association between Ang2 and CRC susceptibility. Second, our study was restricted to a single Han Chinese cohort, which calls for further analyses of different Han Chinese cohorts, especially with regard to Western-style dietary consumption. Third, KRAS and BRAF mutation data were unavailable for the CRC cohort, which might be due to the fact that such examinations are expensive in China and that the diagnostic procedure there are complicated by long waiting times between clinic appointments and expenses relating to time off work, as well as the diagnostic procedures themselves.

Our results demonstrate associations between Angpt2 rs1823375 and rs12674822 polymorphisms and risk of CRC; our evidence shows a significant association between Angpt2 rs12674822 and tumor site in a Han Chinese cohort. We also demonstrate a correlation between SNP rs12674822 and PFS in CRC patients. This study is the first to report a correlation between Angpt2 polymorphisms and CRC risk. Thus, Angpt2 could be developed as a genetic prognostic marker for CRC prognosis and prediction.

Supplementary Material

Supplementary figures.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by grants from China Medical University (CMU108-N-05), Taiwan's Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST107-2320-B-039-019-MY3; 107-2314-B-039-064-), and China's National Natural Science Foundation (No. 81702117). We are grateful to Iona J. M^acDonald from China Medical University for her editing/proofing assistance.

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

References

1. Zhu J, Tan Z, Hollis-Hansen K. et al. Epidemiological Trends in Colorectal Cancer in China: An Ecological Study. Dig Dis Sci. 2017;62:235-243

2. Zhang Y, Shi J, Huang H. et al. [Burden of colorectal cancer in China]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2015;36:709-14

3. Vega P, Valentin F, Cubiella J. Colorectal cancer diagnosis: Pitfalls and opportunities. World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2015;7:422-33

4. Winawer SJ, Zauber AG. Colonoscopic polypectomy and the incidence of colorectal cancer. Gut. 2001;48:753-4

5. Zauber AG, Winawer SJ, O'Brien MJ. et al. Colonoscopic polypectomy and long-term prevention of colorectal-cancer deaths. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:687-96

6. Brenner H, Chang-Claude J, Rickert A. et al. Risk of colorectal cancer after detection and removal of adenomas at colonoscopy: population-based case-control study. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:2969-76

7. Hassan C, Repici A. Recent Advances in Diagnostic Colonoscopy for Colorectal Cancer Screening: An Update for Radiologists. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2017;209:88-93

8. Gonzalez-Pons M, Cruz-Correa M. Colorectal Cancer Biomarkers: Where Are We Now? Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:149014

9. Nassiri M, Kooshyar MM, Roudbar Z. et al. Genes and SNPs associated with non-hereditary and hereditary colorectal cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2013;14:5609-14

10. Hu X, Li L, Shang M. et al. Association between microRNA genetic variants and susceptibility to colorectal cancer in Chinese population. Tumour Biol. 2014;35:2151-6

11. Mimori K, Tanaka F, Shibata K. et al. Review: Single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with the oncogenesis of colorectal cancer. Surg Today. 2012;42:215-9

12. Makhoul I, Todorova VK, Siegel ER. et al. Germline Genetic Variants in TEK, ANGPT1, ANGPT2, MMP9, FGF2 and VEGFA Are Associated with Pathologic Complete Response to Bevacizumab in Breast Cancer Patients. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0168550

13. Meyer NJ, Li M, Feng R. et al. ANGPT2 genetic variant is associated with trauma-associated acute lung injury and altered plasma angiopoietin-2 isoform ratio. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:1344-53

14. Maisonpierre PC, Suri C, Jones PF. et al. Angiopoietin-2, a natural antagonist for Tie2 that disrupts in vivo angiogenesis. Science. 1997;277:55-60

15. Armulik A, Abramsson A, Betsholtz C. Endothelial/pericyte interactions. Circ Res. 2005;97:512-23

16. Wang LH, Tsai HC, Cheng YC. et al. CTGF promotes osteosarcoma angiogenesis by regulating miR-543/angiopoietin 2 signaling. Cancer Lett. 2017;391:28-37

17. Dai C, Kuo SJ, Zhao J. et al. Correlation between genetic polymorphism of angiopoietin-2 gene and clinical aspects of rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Med Sci. 2019;16:331-336

18. Miaskowski C, Dodd M, Paul SM. et al. Lymphatic and angiogenic candidate genes predict the development of secondary lymphedema following breast cancer surgery. PLoS One. 2013;8:e60164

19. Wang CQ, Tang CH, Wang Y. et al. FSCN1 gene polymorphisms: biomarkers for the development and progression of breast cancer. Sci Rep. 2017;7:15887

20. Volkova E, Willis JA, Wells JE. et al. Association of angiopoietin-2, C-reactive protein and markers of obesity and insulin resistance with survival outcome in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer. 2011;104:51-9

21. Scholz A, Plate KH, Reiss Y. Angiopoietin-2: a multifaceted cytokine that functions in both angiogenesis and inflammation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2015;1347:45-51

22. Wu FT, Man S, Xu P. et al. Efficacy of Cotargeting Angiopoietin-2 and the VEGF Pathway in the Adjuvant Postsurgical Setting for Early Breast, Colorectal, and Renal Cancers. Cancer Res. 2016;76:6988-7000

23. Lee H-P, Chen P-C, Wang S-W. et al. Plumbagin suppresses endothelial progenitor cell-related angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Functional Foods. 2019;52:537-544

24. Lee H-P, Wang S-W, Wu Y-C. et al. Glucocerebroside reduces endothelial progenitor cell-induced angiogenesis. Food and Agricultural Immunology. 2019;30:1033-1045

25. Wang H, Cade BE, Chen H. et al. Variants in angiopoietin-2 (ANGPT2) contribute to variation in nocturnal oxyhaemoglobin saturation level. Hum Mol Genet. 2016;25:5244-5253

26. Gallagher DC, Parikh SM, Balonov K. et al. Circulating angiopoietin 2 correlates with mortality in a surgical population with acute lung injury/adult respiratory distress syndrome. Shock. 2008;29:656-61

27. van der Heijden M, van Nieuw Amerongen GP, Chedamni S. et al. The angiopoietin-Tie2 system as a therapeutic target in sepsis and acute lung injury. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2009;13:39-53

28. Hu W, Tang CH, Chen HT. et al. Correlations between angiopoietin-2 gene polymorphisms and lung cancer progression in a Chinese Han population. J Cancer. 2019;10:2935-2941

29. Stremitzer S, Zhang W, Yang D. et al. Genetic variations in angiopoietin and pericyte pathways and clinical outcome in patients with resected colorectal liver metastases. Cancer. 2015;121:1898-905

30. Zhang L, Zhang Y, Tang CH. et al. RAD52 gene polymorphisms are associated with risk of colorectal cancer in a Chinese Han population. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96:e8994

31. Liu S-C, Tsai C-H, Wu T-Y. et al. Soya-cerebroside reduces IL-1β-induced MMP-1 production in chondrocytes and inhibits cartilage degradation: implications for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Food and Agricultural Immunology. 2019;30:620-632

32. Wu TJ, Lin CY, Tsai CH. et al. Glucose suppresses IL-1-induced MMP-1 expression through the FAK, MEK, ERK, and AP-1 signaling pathways. Environmental Toxicology. 2018;33:1061-1068

33. Kong JC, Guerra GR, Pham T. et al. Prognostic Impact of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Primary and Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2019;62:498-508

34. Kim S, Dobi E, Jary M. et al. Bifractionated CPT-11 with LV5FU2 infusion (FOLFIRI-3) in combination with bevacizumab: clinical outcomes in first-line metastatic colorectal cancers according to plasma angiopoietin-2 levels. BMC Cancer. 2013;13:611

35. Jo YS, Kim SS, Kim MS. et al. Candidate tumor suppressor gene MCPH1 is mutated in colorectal and gastric cancers. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2017;32:161-162

36. Bhandari V, Choo-Wing R, Lee CG. et al. Hyperoxia causes angiopoietin 2-mediated acute lung injury and necrotic cell death. Nat Med. 2006;12:1286-93

Author contact

Corresponding authors: Chen-Ming Su, PhD, Department of Sports Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan 40402. Tel: (886) 4-22053366, E-mail: cmsucmu.edu.tw; proof814com.; Chao-Qun Wang, Department of Pathology, Affiliated Dongyang Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Dongyang, Zhejiang, China, E-mail: chaoqunw869com.

Received 2019-6-17
Accepted 2019-10-29
Published 2020-1-1

Citation styles

©2024 Ivyspring International Publisher. Terms of use