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Int J Med Sci 2017; 14(8):750-757. doi:10.7150/ijms.19480 This issue Cite

Research Paper

Clinicopathological and Ileocolonoscopic Characteristics in Patients with Nodular Lymphoid Hyperplasia in the Terminal Ileum

Ritian Lin¹, Huiying Lu¹, Guangxi Zhou¹, Qing Wei², Zhanju Liu¹

1. Department of Gastroenterology, the Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China;
2. Department of Pathology, the Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China.

✉ Corresponding author: Dr. Zhanju Liu, Department of Gastroenterology, the Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China. Email: liuzhanju88com Tel: 86-21-66301164 Fax: 86-21-66303983

Abstract

Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia (NLH) in the small intestine is a rare benign lesion, characterized by the presence of multiple small nodules on the surface of the intestine. To define the clinicopathological and colonoscopic characteristics in Chinese patients with ileal NLH, we collected 65 patients with NLH in the terminal ileum from the endoscopic database in our hospital and clinical data from medical records. Histology and immunohistochemical staining were performed in the biopsies. The results demonstrated that the main symptoms included diarrhea (70.8%), abdominal pain (60.0%), hematochezia (46.2%), anemia (40.0%), and hypoproteinemia (21.5%). Enteroscopy revealed multiple, sporadic, granular or round-shaped nodules with diameters between 2 and 5 mm in the terminal ileum. The histology revealed the nodules consisted of mass lymphoid follicles in the lamina propria and submucosa of the terminal ileum. The follicles contained mitotically active germinal centers surrounded by well-defined lymphocyte mantles and composed predominantly of CD20⁺ B cells. The diseases found in patients with NLH included chronic diarrhea, Crohn's disease, ischemic enterocolitis and allergic purpura. The level of hemoglobin in NLH patients who had diarrhea and hematochezia remarkably decreased as compared with those in patients with chronic diarrhea. In conclusion, ileocolonoscopic screening is an important step to find the NLH in terminal ileum patients with diarrhea, abdominal pain, hematochezia, and hypoproteinemia. Histological examination is necessary for the exclusion of malignancy and chronic inflammation.

Keywords: Abdominal pain, Anemia, Diarrhea, Hematochezia, Lymphoid follicles, Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia.

Introduction

Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia (NLH) in the small intestine is a rare benign lesion, which is characterized by the presence of multiple small nodules on the surface of the intestine. The nodules are found to be present in the lamina propria and superficial submucosa of the intestine [1]. Its diagnosis is mainly based on endoscopic and histological examination, which is markedly hyperplastic lymphoid follicles, mitotically active germinal centers with well-defined lymphocytic mantles [2]. The pathogenesis of NLH remains unclear, but there is a hypothesis associated with immunodeficiency. It may originate from proliferative plasma cell precursors for a maturational defect in the development of B lymphocytes [3]. Evidence has shown that NLH may be associated with a risk factor for intestinal lymphoma [4]. It can manifest an asymptomatic disease or gastrointestinal symptoms like diffuse abdominal pain, chronic diarrhea, and bleeding [5]. Since the endoscopic manifestations are remarkably similar to polyposis, the disease is easy to be misdiagnosed [6]. The previous literature mainly included case reports and a fraction of patients [7-9]; it has been reported in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection, common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), Giardia lamblia infection, helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection, familial adenomatous polyposis, and Gardner's syndrome [10].

In this study, we retrospectively analyzed the clinicopathological characteristics and ileocolonoscopic findings of 65 Chinese patients with NLH in the terminal ileum. Individuals have diarrhea, abdominal pain, and hematochezia, the ileocolonoscopic screening and histological examination seem to be warranted to have a differentiating diagnosis for NLH.

Materials and Methods

Patients and sample collection

From January 2010 to December 2015, we collected 65 patients who underwent enteroscopy showing NLH in the terminal ileum from the endoscopic database at the Department of Gastroenterology, the Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University (Shanghai, China). There were 65 patients (46 males, 19 females; aged 11-73 years) with diarrhea, abdominal pain, hematochezia or hypoproteinemia. The endoscopic images were reviewed and confirmed by the endoscopic team. NLH was diagnosed by the results of endoscopy and histopathology. The biopsies were also taken at the site of the nodular hyperplasia of the terminal ileum for further histological analysis.

Clinical and laboratory data

The detailed clinical data were collected from 65 patients, including age, gender, types of symptoms, and accompanying diseases. Laboratory tests included hemoglobin, serum total proteins, albumin, immunoglobulin, C-reactive protein (CRP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), white blood cell counts (WBC), fecal occult blood test, classification of fecal bacteria, virus, and parasites. Determination of hemoglobin, serum total proteins, albumin, immunoglobulin, CRP, ALP, ESR, and WBC was performed according to routine laboratory tests (Beckman; Brea, CA, USA).

Histology and immunohistochemistry

Ileal biopsies were taken from all patients during the endoscopic examination for histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Samples of intestinal biopsy were performed by routine hematoxylin-eosin staining. Immunohistochemical staining was done on 5-μm-thick paraffin-embedded tissue sections. The sections were dewaxed in xylene and rehydrated in graded ethanol. The antigen retrieval was done by microwave heating for 20 minutes at 98 ºC. Endogenous peroxidase was blocked by immersing the sections in 3% H₂O₂ for 15 minutes, these sections were subsequently incubated with rat anti-human CD3 mAb (Cell Signaling Technology; Shanghai, China) at a dilution of 1:200 at 4 ºC overnight. After washing, the sections were then incubated for 30 minutes with biotinylated secondary rabbit anti-rat IgG antibody (Cell Signaling Technology) at a dilution of 1:400 at room temperature. The color reaction product was developed using 3,3-diaminobenzidine (Cell Signaling Technology), and sections were counterstained with hematoxylin. Immunohistochemical staining for CD5, CD10, CD20, CD79α, Ki-67, and Bcl-2 was also performed using the same dilution and technique as described above.

Statistical analysis

All data were expressed as absolute and/or relative frequencies, and mean ± standard deviation (SD). Statistical significance was calculated by Kruskal-Wallis test. SPSS version 20.0 software (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) was used. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Ethics approval

The study was reviewed and approved by the Hospital and University Review Committees for Medical Research.

Results

Clinical data

Of all 65 patients with NLH in the terminal ileum, 46 were men and 19 were women. The mean age of the patients was 31.92 years, ranged 11-73 years. Diarrhea was the cardinal symptom in 46 (70.8%) patients, and abdominal pain was the subordinate symptom in 39 (60.0%) patients. Thirty patients (46.2%) had hematochezia, and 26 patients (40.0%) had anemia. Hypoproteinemia was found in 14 patients (21.5%), and 13 patients (20.0%) had nausea and vomiting. However, only 5 patients (7.7%) had a marked loss of body weight (the average value of weight loss was 4.4 kg, and lasted for a month) (Table 1).

Hemoglobin was found to range from 50 to 153 g/L (116.67 ± 24.44 g/L) in all patients. In 26 patients with anemia, 17 patients had mild anemia (with Hb from 90 g/L to the lower range limit of 120 g/L in non-pregnant women or 130 g/L in men), 5 had moderate anemia (60 - 89 g/L), and the rest of 4 patients had severe anemia (30 - 59 g/L). Serum albumin was found to range from 24 to 44 g/L (35.94 ± 5.49 g/L), while serum total proteins ranged from 49 to 80 g/L (65.69 ± 8.59 g/L) (Table 2). Otherwise, the stool specimens of patients were also examined and found to be negative for pathogenic bacteria, virus, parasites, and ova. Hemoglobin in patients who had diarrhea accompanied by hematochezia was statistically significantly lower compared with that in patients with diarrhea who had no hematochezia (86.82 ± 18.91 g/L vs 129.71 ± 12.39 g/L, p < 0.01). The level of hemoglobin was found to be obviously decreased in patients who had hematochezia but no diarrhea compared with that in patients who had diarrhea but no hematochezia (109.89 ± 26.66 g/L vs 129.71 ± 12.39 g/L, p < 0.01). Moreover, patients with diarrhea accompanied by hematochezia had lower hemoglobin than those with hematochezia but no diarrhea (86.82 ± 18.91 g/L vs 109.89 ± 26.66 g/L, p < 0.05). There were no statistical differences in serum total protein and albumin between the groups (Table 3).

Endoscopic findings

Ileocolonoscopy revealed multiple, sporadic, granular, round-shaped nodules with diameters between 2 and 5 mm in the terminal ileum (Figure 1A). In addition, ileocolonoscopy also showed nodules, which were tufted or sheet-shaped distribution around the intestinal wall, caused the bowel wall thickening obviously and luminal narrowing (Figure 1B). No anomaly was seen in other parts of small and large intestinal mucosa of idiopathic NLH patients and the hybrid allergic purpura patient. Moreover, six patients with colonic Crohn's disease were found to have superficial ulcers and mucosal erythema in the colon. The gastroduodenoscopy of Hp infection patient revealed duodenal ulcers. Colonic polyps and hamartomas were observed in one patient with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Colonic mucous membrane showed congestion, edema, erosion, scattered small ulcers and disappearance of vessels in the ischemic enterocolitis cases.

Accompanying diseases

We observed that 15 patients had chronic diarrhea, the main symptoms were diarrhea and abdominal pain. In this group, one had type І diabetes mellitus, and biochemical parameters (e.g. hemoglobin, serum total proteins, albumin, immunoglobulin) and microbiota analysis in the stool (e.g., pathogenic bacteria, virus, and parasites) were all normal. Six patients had colonic Crohn's disease, including 4 patients with remission and 2 in active phase (CDAI equals 174 and 186, respectively). Patients with colonic Crohn's disease were young, and the mean age was 23.83 years old. Two patients in active colonic Crohn's disease presented abdominal pain and diarrhea as a predominant symptom. Only 1 patient at the active stage of Crohn's disease had weight loss. Ischemic enterocolitis was found in 2 cases, and 1 had mild anemia (Hb 108 g/L), hypoproteinemia (serum total protein 50 g/L, albumin 24 g/L), diarrhea and hematochezia. There was only 1 hybrid allergic purpura patient with diarrhea, abdominal pain, and hypoproteinemia. A patient had mild anemia (Hb 109 g/L) and Hp infection, whose gastroduodenoscopy revealed duodenal ulcers. Additionally, a patient had abdominal neoplasms, and histological examination demonstrated to be poorly-differentiated adenocarcinoma with widespread metastases. We observed NLH in the terminal ileum was associated with hypogammaglobulinemia (IgG 4.75 g/L, IgA 0.59g/L) in 1 patient who had moderate anemia (Hb 78 g/L). A patient with small intestinal stromal tumor had hypertension, congenital atrial septal defect, and severe anemia. Another patient with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome had mild anemia (Hb 95 g/L) (Table 4). The rest of 36 patients had no any concomitant disorder.

Histopathology and Immunohistochemical analysis

Biopsy samples from the terminal ileum were collected from all patients with NLH, and the histological examination revealed that the nodules consisted of mass lymphoid follicles in the lamina propria and submucosa of the terminal ileum. The hyperplastic lymphoid follicles varied in size. The follicles contained mitotically active germinal centers surrounded by well-defined lymphocyte mantles (Figure 1C). At high magnification, the lymphocytes had similar size without abnormal fission and atypia, and the interfollicular areas were populated by numerous mononuclear lymphocytes (Figure 1D). Immunohistochemical staining further showed the follicles composed predominantly of CD20⁺ B cells. CD20 is an activated glycosylated phosphoprotein expressed on the surface of B cells. As one of the transmembrane proteins, CD79α forms a heterodimer with CD79β on the surface of B cells. Apart from the marker of B cells, CD5 and CD3 are known as useful markers for T cells. The lymphoid tissues were positive for CD20 (Figure 2A) and CD79α (Figure 2B), with CD5⁺CD3⁺ or CD5^-CD3⁺ T cells in the interfollicular areas (Figure 2C and D). CD10 is expressed by B cells and lymph node germinal centers. We found that the majority of cells in the germinal center were positive for CD10 (Figure 2E), but negative for Bcl-2 which is specifically considered as an important anti-apoptotic protein (Figure 2F). We also found that cells in the germinal center proliferated actively and the percentage of germinal center Ki-67 positive cells was about 70% (Figure 2G), since Ki-67 is a nuclear protein associated with cellular proliferation. In addition, no significant differences were observed in the comparison of the features of lymphoid follicles between NLH and NLH with Crohn's disease (Table 5).

 Figure 1 

Ileocolonoscopic and pathological characteristics of NLH in the terminal ileum. (A, B) Endoscopic findings of NLH in the terminal ileum from patients. (C) Hyperplasic lymphoid follicles germinal centers surrounded by well-defined lymphocyte mantles (×40, scale bar: 200 μm), (D) Abnormal fission and atypia cells were not present at high magnification (×100, scale bar: 200 μm).

 Figure 2 

Immunohistochemical staining shows numerous positive cells for CD20 (A) and CD79 (B) in the germinal center. (C) CD5-positive cells in the germinal center. (D) Immunohistochemical staining for CD3-positive T cells in the interfollicular areas. Germinal center cells were positive for CD10 (E), but negative for Bcl-2 (F). Immunohistochemical staining for Ki-67 positive cells in germinal center (G) (×100, scale bar: 200 μm).

Discussion

NLH is a rare benign lesion in the small intestine, and its diagnosis is based on endoscopy and histology. The hyperplastic lymphoid follicles have been found in the lamina propria and superficial submucosa, mitotically active germinal centers with well-defined lymphocytic mantles [1, 2]. In our study, we reported 65 patients with diverse morphological NLH through endoscopic manifestation and histological examination. As observed previously [1, 3], the nodules were between 2 and 5 mm in diameter. The histopathological findings and immunohistochemical staining were consistent with the previous literature [2, 7], showing that the follicles are mainly localized in the lamina propria and submucosa of the terminal ileum. The follicles mainly consisted of CD20⁺ B cells, and the majority of cells in the germinal center were positive for CD10, but negative for Bcl-2, showing benign hyperplasia. The percentage of Ki-67 positive cells in the germinal center was about 70%, indicating these cells in the germinal center proliferate actively.

We reviewed the previous literature and found that 111 cases with NLH of the intestine have been reported and that NLH mainly occurs in the small intestine. The Hp infection frequently appears in NLH of the duodenum. Hypogammaglobulinemia and Giardiasis are mostly found in NLH of jejunum and ileum (Table 6). In this study, we observed that patients with NLH in the terminal ileum had 46 men and 19 women, with the range of age from 11 to 73 years. The sex ratio was similar to the previous report [11] but contrary to another study [8]. The symptom of NLH of the terminal ileum included diarrhea, abdominal pain, hematochezia, anemia and hypoproteinemia, which was different from the previous report, showing loss of weight, splenomegaly, recurrent diarrhea, respiratory tract infection, lymphadenopathy and cholelithiasis in immunodeficiency disease [3]. The link between NLH and other malignant and benign diseases has been described previously [12-16]. In our data, 36 patients with NLH had no any concomitant disorders, and six cases had the colonic Crohn's disease. It has been accepted that the disorder of gut-associated lymphoid tissue plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease [17-19], and NLH can exist at the remission stage and active stage of Crohn's disease. It may be attributed to dysregulation of the immune response to microbiota in the gut mucosa, leading to the development of NLH. Currently, there is no case report about the association between ischemic enterocolitis and NLH. It may be a compensatory response to intestinal mucosal inflammation or tissue injury. NLH with Hp infection has been reported in the duodenum [14]. In our study, the gastroduodenoscopy revealed duodenal ulcers in one patient with Hp infection, and the ileocolonoscopy showed lymphoid follicle hyperplasia in the terminal ileum. It seems no relationship between Hp infection and lymphoid follicle hyperplasia in the terminal ileum.

The relation between hypogammaglobulinemia, NLH, and Giardia lamblia infection is regarded as Herman's syndrome [3], and NLH had been reported in common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) [20, 21]. However, in our data, only one patient had hypogammaglobulinemia without Giardia lamblia infection, consistent with the previous report [22]. There was no Giardia lamblia infection in our data, and the reports on Giardia lamblia infection have been found mainly in the duodenum [23, 24]. The terminal ileum associated with familial polyposis has been reported in some literature [16, 25-27]. Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is characterized by multiple small polyps in the intestinal tract, but it has a high incidence of cancer. Hence, it is important to perform surgery for resection of the lesional sites and regular follow-up colonoscopy examination. The risk of malignant transformation of NLH has been widely recognized [28]. The intestinal lymphoma has been reported in patients with NLH [12, 29], but the association between the small intestinal stromal tumor and NLH is unclear which needs further research. The report on extra-intestinal lymphoma with NLH is rare [4, 30]. In addition, we found one patient had abdominal poorly-differentiated adenocarcinoma with widespread metastases.

Although NLH is a benign disease, it can also result in intestinal obstruction, intussusception, volvulus, or fatal intestinal ischemia [9]. The enteroscopy is indispensable to find NLH and determine the extent of the disease, but it is difficult to distinguish from malignant lymphomas. Thus, biopsies and histopathological examination are necessary for the diagnosis of NLH. The immunohistochemical features are significant in the differential diagnosis with lymphomas, and histological examination makes the differential diagnosis from polyposis.

In conclusion, ileocolonoscopy is an important step to find NLH in the terminal ileum. For individuals with abdominal pain, chronic diarrhea, hematochezia or hypoproteinemia, the colonoscopy screening is necessary (Figure 3). According to the results of immunohistochemical staining, all lymphoid follicles were reactive in nature. Hence, the disease itself generally needs no intervention, and treatment is mainly dependent on associated conditions. In our data, the enteroscopy of terminal ileum showed NLH disappeared completely in 23 idiopathic NLH cases without any intervention after 6 months follow up. The clinical symptoms can be alleviated by limiting use aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [6]. Otherwise, under several conditions such as intestinal obstruction, intussusception, and severe intestinal bleeding, local excision is curative [7, 31]. Therefore, it is essential for excluding malignancy by biopsy and avoiding unnecessary treatment.

 Figure 3 

The diagnostic diagram for NLH in the intestine.

Abbreviations

NLH: nodular lymphoid hyperplasia;

CRP: C-reactive protein;

ALP: alkaline phosphatase;

ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate;

WBC: white blood cell counts;

Hb: hemoglobin;

Hp: Helicobacter pylori;

CVID: common variable immunodeficiency.

Acknowledgements

The study was approved by National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 81470822.

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

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Author contact

Corresponding author: Dr. Zhanju Liu, Department of Gastroenterology, the Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China. Email: liuzhanju88com Tel: 86-21-66301164 Fax: 86-21-66303983

Received 2017-2-4
Accepted 2017-6-17
Published 2017-7-18

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