ISSN: 1449-1907International Journal of Medical Sciences
Global reach, higher impact
Int J Med Sci 2016; 13(11):819-824. doi:10.7150/ijms.16474 This issue Cite
Research Paper
Ocimum gratissmum aqueous extract reduces plasma lipid in hypercholesterol-fed hamsters
Pei-Yu Chao1*, James A. Lin1*, Wei-Jen Ting 1, Hsueh-Hui Lee 2, Kuanghui Hsieh 2, Yung-Wei Chiu 3,4, Te-Jen Lai 3,5, Jin-Ming Hwang 6 
, Je-rYuh Liu7,8 , Chih-Yang Huang 1,9,10
1. Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
2. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
3. Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
4. Emergency department and center of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung Taiwan
5. Department of Psychiatry, Chung Shan Medical Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
6. Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Health Care and Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
7. Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
8. Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
9. Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
10. Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
*These authors contributed equally to this work
Abstract
Objectives: Hyperlipidemia is a significant risk factor in the development of atherosclerosis and related diseases which are major health problem in many developed and developing countries that can lead to fatality due to the changes in lifestyle and dietary habits in this modern age.
Methods: In the present study, the Ocimum gratissimum aqueous extract (OGE) was tested for the lowering effect on the serum lipid level of male hamsters on a high-fat (12%) and high-cholesterol (0.2%) diet (HFCD).
Results: The results showed that the levels of serum high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) low-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerols (TG) were increased in the HFCD group (113±11, 259±87, 629±175 and 625±262, respectively), as compared to the control normal diet group (51±8, 19±5, 77±16 and 101±44, respectively). When co-treated with various doses (10 and 20 mg/kg) of the OGE or rosuvastatin, the rats exhibited the restoration of normal serum LDL-C, TC, and TG levels.
Conclusion: Therefore, we suggest that the Ocimum gratissimum aqueous extract may have the potential function of lowering serum lipid in rats.
Keywords: Ocimum gratissimum, cholesterol, Hyperlipidemia
Introduction
Hyperlipidemia is a significant risk factor in the development of atherosclerosis and related diseases which are major health problem in many developed and developing countries that can lead to fatality due to the changes in lifestyle and dietary habits in this modern age [1, 2]. The research to date on lipid-lowering therapy for intervention is showing this strategy to be effective in reducing the risk of morbidity [3, 4], but the cost of lipid-lowering drugs is high, and not everyone is responsive to the treatment.
Natural polyphenols applies to simple molecules (phenolic acids) and highly polymerized compounds (tannins) that contribute in the treatment of various diseases of a degenerative nature including hyperlipidemia. Currently there are several thoroughly documented plant-based lipid-lowering polyphenols including those from Ecklonia cava, Ichnocarpus frutescens, Morus alba, Hibiscus sabdariffa, and Red grape [5-9]. Since natural compounds can be used for the prevention of atherosclerosis due to their effect on the reduction of lipid profile in circulating blood and inhibition of LDL-C oxidation [10, 11] the search for more forms of herbal remedy is a line of study for the purposes of contributing to a broader understanding of plant-based compounds as well as for increasing locally available treatment options for more geolocations.
Ocimum gratissimum (OG) is an aromatic small shrub that is widely distributed in tropical and warm temperate geolocations. This plant has been prepared in a variety of forms for consumption as food spice or traditional herb in many Asian and African countries since ancient time [12-19]. Recent studies also demonstrate many therapeutic activities of the OG aqueous extract (OGE), including anti-inflammation [17, 20], analgesic and spasmolytic activities [21], antidiarrheal activity [13], antihyperglycemic activity [22], and improvement of phagocytic function [23]. Notably, this extract has also shown potential properties to protect the user from hazardous bio-organisms, such as anthelminthic or insect-repellant properties, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activity [24-28]. Thus, some of more recent researches focus on its role of immune-modulation [29, 30], cancer chemoprevention [31, 34], and prevention of the vulnerability of immune disorder [30]. Moreover, OGE is well documented for its high concentration of phenolic content and effects on free radicals scavenging, lipid peroxidation inhibition, and cytoprotective activity against oxidative stress [20, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37]. Therefore, in the present study, we evaluated the effects of OGE in preventing hyperlipidemia by using the high fat-cholesterol diet animal model.
Materials and Methods
Animals and care
48 male golden Syrian hamsters, aged 4 wks, weighing between 75 and 80 g were randomly divided into six experimental groups. They were individually housed in metal cages in an air-conditioned room (22 ± 2 °C, 55 ± 5% humidity), under a 12 h light/12 h dark cycle with free access to food and water. When handled during the 8 week feeding period, all animals used were handled according to the guidelines of the Instituted Animal Care and Use Committee of Chung Shan Medical University (IACUC, CSMC) for the care and use of laboratory animals.
Preparation of diet and supplement
Experimental hamsters were fed for 8 weeks on a diet containing standard Purina Chow (Purina Mills, Inc.). Chow diet, regarded as a low-fat/cholesterol diet, contains 48.7% (w/w) carbohydrate, 23.9% (w/w) protein, 5.0% (w/w) fat, 5.1% (w/w) fiber, and 7.0% ash (Laboratory Rodent Diet 5001, PMI Nutrition International/Purina Mills LLC, USA).
In order to provoke a hyperlipidemic process, the basal Chow (normal diet) was ground by 12% (w/w) coconut oil (high fat diet, HFD) and 0.2 % (w/w) cholesterol was added to obtain the cholesterol-enriched diet (High Fat/cholesterol diet, HFCD). Diary supplement of OGE at doses of 10 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg per day and 1 mg/kg rosuvastatin (Crestor, AstraZeneca Inc., Taipei, Taiwan) per day were treated in each experimental group. These Chow containing lipid was pressed, dried at 37 °C and stored in a dry environment.
Preparation of OGE as indicated in a previous paper [34]. Leaves of Ocimum gratissimum were harvested, washed with distilled water, and then homogenized with distilled water by using polytron. The homogenate was incubated at 95◦C for 1 hour (h) and then filtered through two layers of gauze. The filtrate was centrifuged to remove insoluble pellets (20,000 g for 15 min at 4◦C) and the supernatant (OGE) was collected, lyophilized, and stored at -70◦C until use. The content of polyphenol in OGE was analyzed as indicated in a previous paper [35].
Experimental design and data collection
The dose of OGE used in this study (10 mg/Kg or 20 mg/Kg) was chosen based on several our earlier studies [36], including a concentration-response study which determined the antioxidant activity of the extract regarding the lipid peroxidation process and studies shown the suitable pharmacological dose in vivo.
Animals were divided into six groups of eight hamsters each and fed for 8 weeks as follows: Group I-standard Purina Chow (normal diet, ND control group); Group II-hamsters fed normal diet mixed with 12 % coconut oil (high fat diet, HFD group); Group III-hamsters fed normal diet mixed with 0.2 % cholesterol and 12 % coconut oil (high fat/cholesterol diet, HFCD group); Group IV- hamsters fed HFCD plus rosuvastatin 1 mg/Kg body weight per day (HFCD +R group); Group V-hamsters fed HFCD plus OGE 20 mg/kg body weight per day (HFCD+O2 group); Group VI-hamsters fed HFCD plus OGE 10 mg/kg body weight per day (HFCD+O1 group).
The body weight of each hamster was determined weekly. The food intake of each group was recorded daily and calculated the mean value of each hamster in a week. At the end of 8 weeks, animals were sacrificed by decapitation. Blood samples were collected, and serum separated and stored at -80 °C until analysis.
Serum lipid profile estimation
All biochemical assays were conducted in the clinical laboratories of the Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. The biochemical parameters were measured on a Beckman Coulter Synchron Clinical Systems Analyzer (LX20PRO Autoanalyzer, Beckman Coulter Inc. Taipei, Taiwan). To determine the serum lipid profile, total cholesterol (TC), total triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured by Hitachi 7170 autoanalyzer (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan).
Statistical analysis
All values are expressed as mean ± S.D. The significance of differences between the mean of the treated and untreated groups have been calculated by unpaired Student's t-test and P-values less than 0.05 were considered significant.
Results
Body weight gain, food consumption and observation of hamsters
The mean body weight (g) and daily food intake (g/hamster) were increased by adequate feeding during the experiment period, as shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. All hamsters in each group survived for the entire length of the study. But in the HFCD control group, the hamsters were visually more lethargic at seven or eight weeks.
There were no differences in mean food intake and body weight among the experimental groups during the 8 weeks of the experiment (Fig. 1 & 2).
Induction of fatty liver with high fat diet
At 8 weeks, liver image showed all HFCD groups to have significantly reduced redness compared to the ND and HFD group liver images (Fig. 3). Consistently, relative liver weights of all HFCD groups were also significantly higher (Table 1). Interestingly, the OGE and rosuvastatin supplements did not have an effect on the redness or the weight of the liver.
The change of body weight in hamsters treated with high fat/cholesterol and co-treated with different dose of OGE in eight weeks.
The change of food intake in hamsters treated with high fat/cholesterol and co-treated with different dose of OGE in eight weeks.
The image of liver in hamsters treated with high fat/cholesterol and co-treated with different dose of OGE at the end of eight weeks.
The effect of OGE on the change of relative liver weight in hamsters treated high cholesterol diet
| Group | Treatment | No | Liver related weight (%, liver weight/body weight) |
|---|---|---|---|
| ND | Control | 8 | 2.756 ± 0.277 |
| HFCD | Cholesterol + high fat (CF) | 8 | 4.042 ± 0.521* |
| HFD | High fat | 8 | 3.325 ± 0.265*,# |
| HFCD +R | CF+ Rosurastation 1 mg/kg | 8 | 3.974 ± 0.337* |
| HFCD+O2 | CF+OGE 20 mg/kg | 8 | 3.904 ± 0.190* |
| HFCD+O1 | CF+OGE 10 mg/kg | 8 | 4.014 ± 0.282* |
*p < 0.05 versus control group; #, p < 0.05 versus Cholesterol and high fat-treated group.
Induction of hyperlipidemia with high cholesterol diet
The levels of plasma TC and TG in ND, HFD, and HFCD groups of hamster at 8 weeks after treatment are reported in Table 2. In comparison with ND group, HFCD caused a marked increase in plasma concentrations of TC and TG by 816 % and 618%, respectively, and both HDL-C and LDL-C increased by more than 2.2 and 13.6 times, respectively. There was no difference between the HDL-C level in the HFD and HFCD groups, while the LDL-C was still far higher in the HFCD in comparison with the HFD hamsters. Moreover, HFCD caused a marked increase in plasma concentrations of TC and TG by 408 % and 353% as compared to HFD group
The effect of OGE on the change of serum lipid in hamster treated high cholesterol diet
| Treatment | no | HDL-C | LDL-C | TC | TG |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ND | 8 | 51±8 | 19±5 | 77±16 | 101±44 |
| HFCD | 8 | 113±11* | 259±87* | 629±175* | 625±262# |
| HFD | 8 | 98±14* | 28±13# | 154±26# | 177±64* |
| HFCD +R | 8 | 102±23* | 142±69*,# | 370±152*,# | 310±230*,# |
| HFCD+O2 | 8 | 103±14* | 138±40*,# | 352±86*,# | 213±114*,# |
| HFCD+O1 | 8 | 116±14* | 107±48# | 317±70*,# | 158±54* |
In protective testing in hamsters (8 weeks application period), a maximum daily dose of OGE 20 mg per kg body weight was orally administered to hamsters (W.S.). The data were expressed as mean±SD. n=8. #P<0.05 vs. control group; *P<0.05 vs. High fat and high choesterol group.
Effect of OGE on plasma lipid profile
After 8 weeks of administration of OGE in lipid enriched-diet fed Hamsters, both plasma TC and TG were decreased by 49.6% and 74.7% respectively in HFCD+O1 group, as well as by 44.0% and 65.9% respectively in HFCD+O2 group, with respect to HFCD group (Table 2). Rosuvastatin, a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, was used as reference drug (1mg/Kg body weight) to compare with OGE. The hypolipidemic effect of rosuvastatin in plasma was effective in TC and TG level which were decreased by 41.2% and 50.4% (Table 1). There were no significant difference in the HDL-C level of all HFCD groups, but LDL-C in HFCD+O1 and HFCD+O2 groups was decreased by 58.7% and 46.7% respectively when compared with HFCD group (Table 2), and the reduction induced by rosuvastatin was 45.1%.
Discussion
Animal models, such as mouse, rat, golden hamster, guinea pig, rabbit, pigeon and quail are often used for studying hyperlipidemia. Hamster is perhaps the superior model of them not only because their lipid metabolism is similar to that of humans [38, 39], but also that, for hypercholesterolemia studies, the hyperlipidemia content can be easier to maintain by high-fat high-cholesterol induction [40-43].
This study was done to evaluate OGE for its ability to reduce cholesterol and triglyceride in the plasma in hamsters treated with high fat and high cholesterol diets. Table 2 shows that the plasma LDL-C, TC, and TG levels in hamsters, which fed with a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet, were significantly increased. When co-treated with OGE at the same time, the plasma cholesterol levels were restored, similar to the result of anti-cholesterol drug rosuvastatin. We therefore propose the consideration that OGE may have blood lipid lowering effect.
OGE has a large number of simple phenolic compounds and flavonoids, polyphenolic compounds which accounted for 11.1%, including 0.03% catachin, 0.27% caffeic acid, 0.37% epicatechin and 3.27% rutin [44]. Past studies have indicated that catechins can reduce total cholesterol and LDL, but no significant impact of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [45]; caffeic acid can inhibit fatty acid synthase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase and acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase activities, while they increased fatty acid beta-oxidation activity and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha expression in the liver compared to the high-fat group [46]; epicatechin may be an antiaging compound, as evidenced by the improved db/db mouse survival and the favorable changes in a variety of age-related biomarkers, including the development of obesity and hyperglycemia [47] and rutin promoted the excretion of fecal sterols, thereby decreasing absorption of dietary cholesterol and lowering the plasma triglyceride levels of diet-induced hypercholesterolemia [48]. Thus, according to these characteristics and comparing to results of the rosuvastatin effects, we suggested that OGE lowering hypercholesterolemia may be mediated through multiple reasons.
Conclusion
The present study demonstrated that OGE extracted from Ocimum gratissimum may alleviate hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia induced by the intake of high-fat and high-cholesterol foods. The OGE decreased the levels of TG, total cholesterol, and LDL-C, and improved HDL-C levels. Although the metabolic mechanisms are not identical between the four flavonoids, the pharmacological effects of OGE should be further investigated in humans. These findings may contribute to the treatment of obesity- and hyperlipidemia-associated diseases in humans.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology, Republic of China (MOST 104-2320-B-039-032), as well as in part by Taiwan Ministry of Health and Welfare Clinical Trial and Research Center of Excellence (MOHW105-TDU-B-212-133019).
Competing Interests
The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.
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Author contact
Corresponding authors: Jer-Yuh Liu PhD., Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, College of Medical, China Medical University, No 6, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan. Tel: +886-4-22052121 ext 7932; Fax: +886-4-22347028. E-mail: jylcmu.edu.tw. Jin-Ming Hwang, Ph.D. Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Health Care and Management, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sect. 1, Jianguo N. Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan. Tel: +886-4-24730022 ext. 11875; E-mail: hjmedu.tw. Chih-Yang Huang, Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan. Tel.: +886 4 22053366 ext 3313; Fax: +886 4 22333641. E-mail: cyhuangcmu.edu.tw.
Received 2016-6-14
Accepted 2016-9-1
Published 2016-10-18
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