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Int J Med Sci 2016; 13(5):340-346. doi:10.7150/ijms.14997 This issue Cite

Research Paper

Screening for Fabry Disease by Urinary Globotriaosylceramide Isoforms Measurement in Patients with Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

Martina Gaggl^1,2, Natalija Lajic¹, Georg Heinze³, Till Voigtländer⁴, Raute Sunder-Plassmann ⁵, Eduard Paschke⁶, Günter Fauler⁷, Gere Sunder-Plassmann², Gerald Mundigler¹

1. Department of Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
2. Department of Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
3. Center of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
4. Department of Clinical Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
5. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
6. Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz, 8036 Graz, Austria.
7. Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz, 8036 Graz, Austria.

✉ Corresponding author: Gerald Mundigler, MD, Department of Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria. Tel.: +43 40400 46140; Fax.: +43 40400 46240; E-Mail: gerald.mundiglerac.at More

Abstract

Background: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a frequent echocardiographic feature in Fabry disease (FD) and in severe cases may be confused with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) of other origin. The prevalence of FD in patients primarily diagnosed with HCM varies considerably in screening and case finding studies, respectively. In a significant proportion of patients, presenting with only mild or moderate LVH and unspecific clinical signs FD may remain undiagnosed. Urinary Gb₃ isoforms have been shown to detect FD in both, women and men. We examined whether this non-invasive method would help to identify new FD cases in a non-selected cohort of patients with various degree of LVH.

Methods and results: Consecutive patients older than 18 years with a diastolic interventricular septal wall thickness of ≥12mm determined by echocardiography were included. Referral diagnosis was documented and spot urine was collected. Gb₃ was measured by mass spectroscopy. Subjects with an elevated Gb₃-24:18 ratio were clinically examined for signs of FD, α-galactosidase-A activity in leukocytes was determined and GLA-mutation-analysis was performed. We examined 2596 patients. In 99 subjects urinary Gb3 isoforms excretion were elevated. In these patients no new cases of FD were identified by extended FD assessment. In two of three patients formerly diagnosed with FD Gb3-24:18 ratio was elevated and would have led to further diagnostic evaluation.

Conclusion: Measurement of urinary Gb3 isoforms in a non-selected cohort with LVH was unable to identify new cases of FD. False positive results may be prevented by more restricted inclusion criteria and may improve diagnostic accuracy of this method.

Keywords: Fabry disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, case-finding study, urinary Gb₃ isoforms

Background

Fabry disease (FD) is a rare X-linked lysosomal storage disorder with reduced or absent activity of α-galactosidase-A (AGAL) and consecutive accumulation of globotriaosylceramide (Gb₃) in various organs, predominantly within the kidneys, the heart and the central nervous system [1]. Frequently, FD patients present with unspecific clinical signs and the mean delay from onset of the first symptoms to a definite diagnosis is 13.7 years [2]. Cardiologists diagnose only five percent of FD patients. An early diagnosis could lead to the initiation of specific treatment and prevent disease progression [3]. Therefore, experts suggested systematic screening and case-finding concepts for populations at risk [4-6].

Progressive left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a common feature in FD [1] and the prevalence of FD in screened cohorts with unexplained LVH or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy ranged between zero and 12% [7-15]. However, patients with FD presenting with mild to moderate LVH, were often excluded in screening studies [16,17]. In these studies cases of FD may remain undiagnosed due to selection bias [15]. While enzymatic and genetic testing are the first choice in patients with clinically suspected FD, measurement of urinary Gb₃ isoforms could serve as a non-invasive and cost-effective method for a primary screening in large cohorts at risk [18,19]. We aimed to examine a clinically non-selected cohort of patients with a various degree of LVH for FD by measuring urinary Gb₃ isoforms.

Materials and methods

Study population

Patients consecutively referred for an echocardiographic examination to the outpatient service of the Department of Cardiology at the Medical University of Vienna and eligible for study participation were included. Inclusion criteria was an echocardiographically established diagnosis of LVH, defined as left ventricular wall thickness of ≥12 mm and age over 18 years. Patients were not prescreened with respect to common FD signs or symptoms. From patients willing to participate in the study urine samples were collected. Subjects previously diagnosed with FD, which met the inclusion criteria, were included in the study, but separately statistically analyzed.

All subjects gave informed consent, the ethics committee approved the study (ClinicalTrails.gov identifier: NCT00871611), and the study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Echocardiography

Two-dimensional echocardiography was performed with the Vivid Seven (GE, Vingmed Ultrasound AS, Horten, Norway) or the Acuson Sequoia C512 (Acuson Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA). Septal- and posterior wall thickness was evaluated at standard M-mode at the midpapillary parasternal short axis view and, if not otherwise obtainable, interventricular septum (IVS) thickness was measured in the apical four-chamber view.

Laboratory measurements

Spot urine samples (10 mL) were stored in Sarstedt Monovette tubes (10 mL, Nr. 10252; Sarstedt AG&Co. Nümbrecht, Germany) at four degrees Celsius and shipped to the Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases at the Department of Pediatrics at the Medical University of Graz (E. P.) no longer than 14 days before analyzed. After the addition of 0.01% sodium acid samples were stored at minus 70 degrees Celsius until use.

Direct ESI-MS of urinary glycolipids

Samples were processed for measurement with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) as previously described [20]. In brief, internal standard (stearoyl-Gb₃-d₃₅) was added to 5 ml aliquots of samples and glycolipids were purified by solid-phase extraction on C₁₈ bonded silica cartridges. Glycolipids were measured as positive ions using full scan and neutral loss scan modes exactly as described [19,20]. Total Gb₃, as well as the isoforms Gb₃-24 and Gb₃-18, are given in nanograms per milligrams of urinary creatinine (total Gb₃:creatinine, Gb₃-24:creatinine and, Gb₃-18:creatinine). The ratio of the isoforms Gb₃-24:creatinine and Gb₃-18:creatinine (Gb₃-24:18) was used for screening procedures.

The full scan spectra of all samples were visually evaluated (G.F.) for plausibility of quantitation [19]. Quantitation of chromatograms, in which the peak height of the internal standard (m/z = 1109.9) was less than twice the average background were discarded (uncertain analytical performance, UAP) [19].

Confirmation testing

Subjects with a urinary Gb₃ concentration exceeding the predefined cut-off (Gb₃-24:18 ratio > 2.3) were classified to be at risk for Fabry disease. The AGAL activity was tested and GLA-mutation-analysis was performed as previously described (4). Medical history and family history were determined by questionnaire. Subjects not available for confirmation testing (not interested, not available, deceased) were investigated as detailed as possible by means of medical charts.

Statistical Analysis

Continuous data are described by mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median and inter quartile range (IQR), categorical data are presented as count and percentage.

P-values lower than 0.05 were considered as indicating statistical significance. PASW Statistics 18 software (IBM) was used for statistical computations.

Results

Study population

In total, 2676 subjects were included in the study, of which 80 subjects were excluded due to double inclusion and three subjects had a previously established diagnosis of FD (figure 1). The finally screened study cohort consisted of 2596 patients. Demographic details about the study population are given in table 1.

Case-finding study and confirmatory tests

In 2596 patients the urinary Gb₃ concentration could be determined, of which 2494 (96%) were classified as unremarkable. The mean total urinary Gb₃:creatinine concentration was 236.8 (SD=175.5) ng/mg, the urinary Gb₃-24:creatinine concentration was 38.7 (SD=29.3) ng/mg, and the mean urinary Gb₃-24:18 ratio was 1.34 (SD=0.74) (figure 2 (A), (B), and (C)). Ninety-nine (4%) subjects showed an elevated urinary Gb₃-24:18 isoform ratio (mean 3.48 (SD=2.63) and were invited for an additional visit to evaluate the medical history and clinical symptoms, to test for GLA mutations and to determine the AGAL activity in leukocytes. Eight subjects withdrew informed consent for genetic testing, in 16 no contact could be established after several attempts, and 4 patients were deceased at that time. Chart review of those 28 subjects did not show any specific hints with regard to FD, definite exclusion of this diagnosis however was unfeasible. All remaining 71 subjects had a wild-type GLA gene and the mean AGAL activity was 101.5 (SD=29.8) nMol/mg prot/h.

Previously diagnosed Fabry patients

Three diagnosed FD patients meeting the inclusion criteria (table 2), of which two brothers with a classic phenotype could be identified by the screening method. The women with an unknown genetic alteration and AGAL activity within normal limits, but classic symptoms of FD, had a normal urinary Gb3 excretion, determined in the 24-hour urine collection and by means of the applied method.

 Figure 1 

Study-population

 Figure 2 

Total urinary Gb₃:creatinine (A), Gb₃-24:creatinine (B), and the Gb₃-24:18 ratio in 2494 subjects. The dashed line in panel (C) indicates the suggested critical cut-off value of 2.3 ng/mg for subjects suspicious for Fabry disease.

 Table 1 

Study population (mean (±SD) or count (percent)).

* 3 positive controls were excluded.

Urinary Gb₃ ↑, elevated urinary Gb₃ concentrations; Urinary Gb₃ ⊥, physiologic concentrations of urinary Gb₃; CMP, cardiomyopathy; IVS, interventricular septum.

 Table 2 

Details of previously known patients with FD(1.-3.).

LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy.

Discussion

This is the first case finding study for FD in a cohort with LVH of variable severity using urinary Gb₃ isoform measurement. In 2596 patients referred to the echocardiography laboratory in a tertiary care center we could not identify a disease-causing GLA mutation.

In previous studies (table 3), attributable to different inclusion criteria, the prevalence of FD in cohorts at risk ranged between 0 and 12% (table 3). Elliot et al. published a prevalence of 0.5% in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. However, the authors concluded that restricted inclusion criteria underestimate the prevalence of FD and “that there may still be thousands of patients […] with FD who remain undiagnosed“ [15]. Following this hypothesis, our study cohort comprised patients with a various severity of LVH, including mild or moderate LVH (table 1). Cardiac involvement in FD presents heterogeneously: In 139 FD patients not on enzyme replacement therapy (mean age 43.1±12.6 years) about 60% had a history of cardiovascular symptoms, including dyspnea angina, chest pain, edema, arterial hypertension or a murmur, however the mean IVS thickness in this cohort was only 13.3 (±3.4) mm for females and 14.9 (±4.1) mm for males. Thirty-one percent had arterial hypertension, although the cohort was relatively young [16]. In the Fabry outcome survey (FOS) LVH was present in only 33% of untreated females and 53% of untreated males. LVH was significantly associated with cardiac symptoms, arrhythmias, and valvular disease, emphasizing the unspecific cardiac presentation in FD in the majority of cases [17]. Accordingly, patients with signs or symptoms of cardiovascular disease were not excluded in our study.

 Table 3 

Previous studies attributable to different inclusion criteria investigating the prevalence of FD in cohorts at risk.

LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; MLVWT, maximal left ventricular wall thickness; AGAL, α-galactosidase A; HCMP, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; a, years; TEM, transmission electron microscopy. ^*Disease-causing mutation could only be identified in 2 subjects. ^† Result modified by the authors as the p.D313Y sequence variant was accounted to be disease-causing in the published paper. ^‡No genetic testing was performed. ^§The p.N139S sequence variant is very likely non-disease causing.

This is the first study that used urinary Gb₃ isoform measurements as a case finding tool. Compared to blood sampling, urine testing is easily applied, non-invasive, and cost-saving, especially in large cohorts. Increased Gb₃ excretion is a specific feature of FD, and therefore would render this approach superior for primary screening of large cohorts as proposed by several authors [18]. Paschke et al. demonstrated that measuring Gb₃ isoforms enables reliable identification of also female subjects [19]. This can be explained by the method itself: while female FD patients excrete a lower amount of total Gb₃ compared to males, the proportion of the Gb₃-24 isoform is elevated compared to the other isoforms. Since Gb₃-18 is steadily excreted over the day it can be used to identify higher amounts of Gb₃-24 in relation to Gb3-18 and therefore emphasize the disproportion of Gb₃ isoforms. In the present study 99 patients exceeded the predefined cut-off Gb₃ ratio and hence, FD was suspected, but later excluded by enzymatic and genetic testing.

In the cohort examined by Paschke et al. the sensitivity and specificity was 86% (95% CI: 68% to 96%) and 96% (95% CI: 94% to 98%), respectively, which was considered adequate for a case-finding study [19]. In our study the number of false positive subjects was 4%, but the significance of elevated Gb₃ ratios in these patients is yet unclear. Recently, Schiffmann et al. found out that increased Gb₃ levels were associated with increased risk of death in patients with heart disease [21]. Recently, we evaluated interfering parameters in determination of urinary Gb₃ in 602 subjects with chronic kidney disease. The Gb₃ isoform ratio was unaffected by leukocyturia, hematuria, bacteriuria, proteinuria, and gender as well as renal function. In contrast, total urinary Gb₃ was higher in subjects with a higher load of leukocytes and bacteria and in women in general, rendering it inferior to the Gb₃ isoform ratio as screening method [22]. Additionally, this gives good evidence that mild urinary Gb₃ elevation is not limited to cardiac patients.

Study Limitations

The applied urinary testing method comprised several limitations in our study: Urinary Gb₃ excretion is dependent on the type of mutation and thus lower in subjects with milder phenotypes. Consequently, one female subject with previously diagnosed FD (carrying an unknown GLA alteration) was not detected in our study. Moreover, she received enzyme replacement therapy, which is well known to reduce urinary Gb₃ excretion. Noteworthy, this is in contrast to the pilot study used to calculate the cut-off values for the applied screening method, and in which female FD patients were not treated with enzyme replacement therapy. Further on, it was previously described that some subjects comprising missense mutation with residual enzyme activity do neither excrete Gb₃ nor lyso-Gb₃ [23]. These factors limited the accuracy of the applied urinary screening test in this cohort. In 30% of the subjects with elevated Gb₃ isoform ratio FD presence was excluded based solely on medical history, which is of limited reliability. The rate of drop-outs and loss to follow-up altogether was 1.1%, which is not unlikely in a case-finding study.

Conclusion

In a non-selected cohort of patients with left ventricular hypertrophy of variable severity urinary Gb3 isoform measurement failed to identify new cases of Fabry disease. More restricted inclusion criteria may improve diagnostic accuracy of this method.

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to acknowledge the help of Beatrix Buschenreithner, Nerajda Cene, MD, Verena Colombo, Ulrike Grojer, and Andrea Schuckert in collecting data and conducting the VIEPAF-study.

The study was funded by a grant from Shire HGT Deutschland GmbH, Berlin, Germany.

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

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Author contact

Corresponding author: Gerald Mundigler, MD, Department of Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria. Tel.: +43 40400 46140; Fax.: +43 40400 46240; E-Mail: gerald.mundiglerac.at

Received 2016-1-17
Accepted 2016-3-21
Published 2016-4-26

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